Negative Effects of Global Warming on Earth - 819 Words

Introductory Paragraph Imagine longer summers, shorter winters, with no spring or fall in between. Well you dont have too, because its happening right now. It will only take one more degree for spring and fall to be gone forever. This decade has been the warmest since 1880. Scientist say that the earth could be warmer by an additional 7.2 degrees Fahrenheit by the 21st century if we don’t reduce usage of burning fossil fuels. Climate change also adds additional risks to our food supplies scientists say they are already seeing the harmful effects in some regions. Polar ice melting would become another major affect of global warming if it isn’t stopped which could cause problems for many lives on Earth not just human beings. Thesis†¦show more content†¦Diseases are already affecting animals due to warmer climates, which is also a threat to humans certain human diseases, such as dengue, malaria and cholera, thrive in warmer temperatures, threatening much of the developing world. Many infectious diseases were once all but eliminated from the United States, there’s evidence that with climate change it could help them expand their range and return. Insects will become more capable to live longer with increased temperatures which make summers longer and create a threat to people living in those areas. Mosquitos are capable of carrying and transmitting diseases like Dengue Fever; they now live in 28 different states. It’s a problem on the global scale with subtropical insects having the opportunity to new regions which means the U.S. is at huge risk to become home to new diseases in all 50 states. There is prove that global warming effects life on Earth such as an epidemic of avian malar ia that wiped out thousands of birds in Hawaii, the spread of an insect-borne pathogen that causes distemper in African lions, and the bleaching of coral reefs attacked by diseases that thrive in warming seas. Germs that hurt oysters are thriving in the warming water. Global warming is allowing disease to spread and cause damage to certain types of environments that weren’t possible before but in a matter of years it can target any environment you name it. Prepare to sink! Florida is a low-elevation state and would feel the impact of seaShow MoreRelatedEssay about Causes and Effects of Global Warming on Our World1498 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming is a universal concern that has gained worldwide attention. As members of Congress, we have heard and learned new and different facts about the process of Earth. Some causes and effects of global warming are easy to understand, with substantial evidence, yet there are still unanswered questions and reasoning as to why global w arming is occurring. This essay is to outline the background of global warming and to display opposing viewpoints. Since there is not enough evidential researchRead MoreThe Effects of Global Warming on the Earth990 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal Warming Earth’s temperature is a vital aspect to Earth and its surroundings. The atmospheric temperature along with natural gases is the significant reasons why Earth inhabits all of its life. When there are changes that alter the natural affects of Earth’s environment there are factors that places the environment at risk. Increase warming of global temperatures account as a major concern of Earth’s surroundings. Global warming is a prominent source to consider how and why the environmentRead MoreHow Are We Affected by Global Warming and How Can We Stop It?1259 Words   |  6 Pageseffected by global warming and how can we stop it? Global warming directly effects everyone and everything on Earth. The concentration of greenhouse gasses is climbing at an alarming rate. 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When thinking about global warmingRead MoreAnalysis Of Earth s Blanket 1253 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor McKay GEO 1021 October 5, 2014 Earth s Blanket A great deal of chapter nine in our book, Discovering Physical Geography, discusses the various climates that exist within our world. As the chapter goes on, the book explains the past climate changes due to the numerous fluctuation in Earth s average temperature. One well known theory, the Milankovitch theory, explains that the fluctuation of Earth s temperature are due to the long-term variations in Earth s orbital eccentricity, tilt, andRead MoreFactors that Cause Global Warming792 Words   |  3 PagesA few factors cause global warming. First,the main factors of global warming is human population explain, which also threatens the balance between man and nature. Second, People cut down trees to make more than a certain carbon dioxide content of the Earth such as wearing a jacket, it will produce the greenhouse effect , the Earth will warm , the iceberg will melt , sea levels will rise, the weather will be an exception. Global warming refers to the increase in global temperatures . Nearly 100 yearsRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Our Planet s Ecosystem1173 Words   |  5 PagesMother Earth is burning as we speak; humanity has killed our precious Earth. Global-warming is a vicious killer that was created by the humans on this Earth, and there s no way to cure it. We, as humans, have the power to cleanse the Earth, but instead we destroy it. Heat is absorbed by carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. A greenhouse gas absorbs thermal radiation emitted by the Earth s surface. As the sun s energy reaches the Earth’s surface, some of it is released into space, some is absorbedRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Big Problem1320 Words   |  6 PagesGallos English 3 Global Warming Global warming is a big problem and impacts our environment in a negative way because it is heating the Earth. Global warming impacts all of the life around us even though not many people recognize it. There are many problems that global warming will make to our environment and it has already impacted it over time. Although, there are many problems, there are also solutions to stop global warming. Climate change is most closely related to global warming and many scientistsRead More Negative Effects of Global Warming Essay711 Words   |  3 PagesGlobal Warming Global warming is causing a negative effect on the whole planet and we all need to do something to stop it. The climate is changing frequently and is making the planet hotter in some parts and in other parts its making it colder. There are two factors affecting global warming. The first types of factors are natural factors like changes in the solar output, changes in the earths orbit, the green house effect and aerosols. The change in the solar output is the amount ofRead MoreThe Effects of Global Warming on the Planet1158 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming can be defined as the increase in the earths sea level due to an increase in surface temperature. In decades past, there have been debates on what can be causing global warming. Greenhouse gasses and ozone depletion are one of the most important factors that geologists are facing in the fight against global warming. It presents a major problem for not only geologists, but also for policy makers, foresters, scientists, and most definitely the inhabitants of the Earth. Greenhouse effects

Value Judgment and Consumerism Evaluating American Consumer Culture Free Essays

This essay argues that American consumer culture is largely driven by the economic, social and psychological landscape of consumption- which blurs the distinction between needs and wants of American consumers. Values of goods and products are therefore judged on the basis of how they satisfy personal wants instead of the intrinsic value of the products or services. However, while this is the case, American consumers have become more demanding and particular with products and services. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Judgment and Consumerism: Evaluating American Consumer Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The irony shows that Americans are driven by a consumerist culture; consumption and value judgment are made based on the personal and aesthetic value of products but competition is making consumers more knowledgeable in choosing their products. American Culture of Consumption Consumption in American society has been regarded as a standard of living and a way of life- the bulwark of which is fuelled by a commodity culture that emanates from the abundance in production and from a sociological point of view, a way to distinguish and create bonds with each other (Friedman, 2). Consequently, it is not only the economic and sociological value that determines how Americans values goods and services- to a large extent, the psychological impact of consumption particularly the emotional gratification which has been celebrated and integrated in popular culture drives the value of goods and services regardless of their true meaning to the American consumer. Significantly, American consumer culture rests on the principle that people work because they want to have the material things that they think they need- things that their social circle has or even people in mass media. To a large extent, American consumer culture is fuelled by big businesses which seek to make consumerism of every American a trend rather than a pursuit of better value. Fundamentally, this hastens the ability of American consumers to draw the line between what is needed and what is wanted thus, making mistaken valuation of products and services. First, consumerism in American society is largely driven by mass media which largely dictates the value of products and services. Consumers’ belief in the value of an object is a construct that is driven by companies seeking to attain profitability- with the aid of mass media, companies capitalize on value creation consumers are made to want a product and are made to need them regardless if they really need the product or service (Plaster and Alderman, 2). The control of companies on the perception of the consumers on the value of the product and services in turn alters the psychological and social acceptance of a product- the more popular a product is, the higher the value it has according to the society. Thus, popular culture becomes more than an individual construct but rather, it becomes a social construct to which valuation of products and services are manufactured in the media and consumed by the American public. For instance, the I-pod by Apple is now considered by any American youth to be a necessity. This is not the case for countries in Africa and to several countries in Asia. However, due to the massive influence of mass media, owning an I-pod is now considered as a necessity instead of being a fancy product. This is because American popular culture has accepted and embraced the trend thus, making its way into the lifestyle of the people. Essentially, the value of an I-pod or a product for that matter becomes prominent. This is regardless of whether it is needed to survive. Second, inability of American consumers to value products based on its intrinsic merits emanates from the materialist-fuelled society. Essentially, American consumer culture emerged from the association of materialism with that of the family, sexuality and the individual- realities that have given the essence of existence and in order to be participants within the American culture (Agnew, 4). The association of social status and importance has been related to consumerism- the more one consumes, the higher the social standing one attains. Thus, the belief of consumers that getting or buying the most expensive brands would make their social standing better is again fuelled by the business environment and mass media. Due to societal pressure which can come from the family and one’s social circle, American consumers become susceptible to the creation of needs and in the process, disregarding their personal perception or valuation of a product. For instance, while mainstream society values affordable products, the need to get the latest models and the best brands drives competition to create brand names that precedes their reputation. This is the reason why surplus goods are abundant and midnight sales are frequent. The insatiable drive to get the new products that neighbors or relatives have further blurred the accurate valuation on the real value of the product. However, while mainstream American consumers neglects the intrinsic value of the product they are purchasing, another group of American consumers have emerged in recent years- those who have been advocating ethical and pragmatic consumption. Valuing a product or service according to Cohen, Comroy and Hoffner (67) necessitates the consideration of ethical consumption when making ordinary purchases in order to lessen the exploitation of the environment and the natural resources as well as the indiscriminate use of cheap labors to produce affordable and quality goods. This stream of consumers’ advocates for the vigilance and empowerment of the American public in choosing the products or services those are basic and fundamental to survival. While this has yet to receive much support in the society, this movement is gradually taking ground. Finally, with the advent of internet and technological revolutions, consumerism in American society is further heightened. The easier access to products and goods oftentimes, without looking at the products further diminishes the ability of consumers to make an accurate valuation of the products. Conclusion Essentially, American society values consumerism and materialism and in the process, the distinction between consumer needs and consumer wants have become indistinct. To a considerable extent, the inability to distinguish between the two has propelled the inability of most consumers to value products and services. Thus, while there are segments of the society that has opposed this type of consumer culture, the predominant and mainstream American culture continues to consume and spend on products that they may know little or nothing about. Works Cited Cohen, Maurie, Comrov, Aaron and Hoffner, Brian. â€Å"The new politics of consumption: Promoting sustainability in the American marketplace. † Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy. 1, 1(2005): 58-76. Plaster, Gary and Alderman, Jerry. â€Å"Customer value creation: A platform for profitable growth. † Charter Consulting. 1 (2006): 1-7. Friedman, Monroe. â€Å"The consumer culture research landscape. † The Journal of American Culture. 30, 1(2007): 1-5. Agnew, J. C. ‘‘The Consuming Vision of Henry James. ’’ The Culture of Consumption. Eds. R. W. Fox and T. J. J. Lears. New York: antheon, 1983. How to cite Value Judgment and Consumerism: Evaluating American Consumer Culture, Papers

Oral Exams vs Written Exams free essay sample

Ulyana Oral examination VS Written examination. Nowadays we have different ways of investigation of student’s knowledge: two of them are oral and written examinations. Both they have advantages and disadvantages and differ at all, but what is the best form of checking student’s ability, knowledge and skills? As it was mentioned before oral and written examinations have much bigger differences then common features. At first glance the written examination seems to be easier for student – you have more time for preparing, rallying your thoughts, you have the chance of cheating and copying the information from the textbook – that’s all advantage. From the other hand it is very difficult to put in words your thoughts when the time is limited. If you didn’t learn some theme and you happened to take the examination card with this question, it would be impossible to trick your teacher by using many words for describing what you didn’t know. We will write a custom essay sample on Oral Exams vs Written Exams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sometimes the opposite thing happens you know the term but having forgotten its bookish definition, you try to write it with your own words, but eventually your answer is not considered as the right one. As concerns the oral examination you have no time for preparation at the best two three minutes for collecting your thoughts and planning your speech. You are not able of cheating. An oral examination is a lively conversation between a teacher and a student; it is more stressful then a written exam. Often confusion grasps the student and he stumbles through the answer in the hope that soon it will be the end of his suffering. The main rule here is to be confident, speak clearly and a lot, even if you don’t know. The greatest advantage of the oral examination is to check thoroughly student’s knowledge by asking extra questions. To sum up oral and written examinations are good in their own way. My point of view that the oral examination is better and more objective, as it can touch the question wider and for me it is easier to speak then to write; meanwhile the written examination is more suitable for subjects as Mathematics or Physics, in addition some students prefer to express their thoughts in written form, as it is less stressful and exciting.

The Deficit For Those Economics Classes Essays - Fiscal Policy

The Deficit for Those Economics Classes here's one on the deficit for those economics classes Subject: the deficit good or bad Deficit Spending ?Spending financed not by current tax receipts, but by borrowing or drawing upon past tax reserves.? , Is it a good idea? Why does the U.S. run a deficit? Since 1980 the deficit has grown enormously. Some say its a bad thing, and predict impending doom, others say it is a safe and stable necessity to maintain a healthy economy. When the U.S. government came into existence and for about a 150 years thereafter the government managed to keep a balanced budget. The only times a budget deficit existed during these first 150 years were in times of war or other catastrophic events. The Government, for instance, generated deficits during the War of 1812, the recession of 1837, the Civil War, the depression of the 1890s, and World War I. However, as soon as the war ended the deficit would be eliminated and the economy which was much larger than the amounted debt would quickly absorb it. The last time the budget ran a surplus was in 1969 during Nixon's presidency. Budget deficits have grown larger and more frequent in the last half-century. In the 1980s they soared to record levels. The Government cut income tax rates, greatly increased defense spending, and didn't cut domestic spending enough to make up the difference. Also, the deep recession of the early 1980s reduced revenues, raising the deficit and forcing the Government to spend much more on paying interest for the national debt at a time when interest rates were high. As a result, the national debt grew in size after 1980. It grew from $709 billion to $3.6 trillion in 1990, only one decade later. Increase of National Debt Since 1980 Month Amount -------------------------------------------- 12/31/1980 $930,210,000,000.00 * 12/31/1981 $1,028,729,000,000.00 * 12/31/1982 $1,197,073,000,000.00 * 12/31/1983 $1,410,702,000,000.00 * 12/31/1984 $1,662,966,000,000.00 * 12/31/1985 $1,945,941,616,459.88 12/31/1986 $2,214,834,532,586.43 12/31/1987 $2,431,715,264,976.86 12/30/1988 $2,684,391,916,571.41 12/29/1989 $2,952,994,244,624.71 12/31/1990 $3,364,820,230,276.86 12/31/1991 $3,801,698,272,862.02 12/31/1992 $4,177,009,244,468.77 12/31/1993 $4,535,687,054,406.14 12/30/1994 $4,800,149,946,143.75 10/31/1995 $4,985,262,110,021.06 11/30/1995 $4,989,329,926,644.31 12/29/1995 $4,988,664,979,014.54 01/31/1996 $4,987,436,358,165.20 02/29/1996 $5,017,040,703,255.02 03/29/1996 $5,117,786,366,014.56 04/30/1996 $5,102,048,827,234.22 05/31/1996 $5,128,508,504,892.80 06/28/1996 $5,161,075,688,140.93 07/31/1996 $5,188,888,625,925.87 08/30/1996 $5,208,303,439,417.93 09/30/1996 $5,224,810,939,135.73 10/01/1996 $5,234,730,786,626.50 10/02/1996 $5,235,509,457,452.56 10/03/1996 $5,222,192,137,251.62 10/04/1996 $5,222,049,625,819.53 * Rounded to Millions Federal spending has grown over the years, especially starting in the 1930s in actual dollars and in proportion to the economy (Gross Domestic Product, or GDP). Beginning with the "New Deal" in the 1930s, the Federal Government came to play a much larger role in American life. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to use the full powers of his office to end the Great Depression. He and Congress greatly expanded Federal programs. Federal spending, which totaled less than $4 billion in 1931, went up to nearly $7 billion in 1934 and to over $8 billion in 1936. Then, U.S. entry into World War II sent annual Federal spending soaring to over $91 billion by 1944. Thus began the ever increasing debt of the United States. What if the debt is not increasing as fast as we think it is? The dollar amount of the debt may increase but often times so does the amount of money or GDP to pay for the debt. This brings up the idea that the deficit could be run without cost. How could a deficit increase productivity without any cost? The idea of having a balanced budget is challenged by the ideas of Keynesian Economics. Keynesian economics is an economic model that predicts in times of low demand and high unemployment a deficit will not cost anything. Instead a deficit would allow more people to work, increasing productivity. A deficit does this because it is invested into the economy by government. For example if the government spends deficit money on new highways, trucking will benefit and more jobs will be produced. When an economic system is in recession all of its resources are not being used. For example if the government did not build highways we could not ship goods and there would be less demand for them. The supply remains low even though we have the ability to produce more because we cannot ship them. This non-productivity comes at a cost to the whole economic system. If deficit spending eliminates non-productivity then its direct monetary cost will be offset if not surpassed by increased productivity. For example in the 1980's when the huge deficits were adding up the actual additions to the public capital or increased productivity were often as big, or bigger than the deficit.

Effects of chronic immobilization stress on hippocampal brain-deprived neurotrophic factor and TrkB in juvenile and aged rats The WritePass Journal

Effects of chronic immobilization stress on hippocampal brain-deprived neurotrophic factor and TrkB in juvenile and aged rats Introduction Effects of chronic immobilization stress on hippocampal brain-deprived neurotrophic factor and TrkB in juvenile and aged rats IntroductionMethods AnimalExperimental ProcedureImmunohistochemistryQualitative AnalysisExpected ResultsDiscussionREFERENCESRelated Introduction The hippocampus is a vital region of the brain that regulates major aspects of learning, memory and emotions.   The hippocampus has also been linked in the regulation and control of anxiety response and conditioned fear (Yee et al. 2007) and yet it can also retain a high degree of plasticity (McEwen, Gianaros 2010). Looking at the structure of the hippocampus, one would find a curved arrow on either hemisphere. The curved region is known as the CA1-CA3 subfields which contain the pyramidal layer while the arrow known as the dentate gyrus (DG) is made up of a granular cell layer. The neurons in CA3 (the lower part of the curve) connects directly to CA1 (the upper part of the curve), which would receive input from the DG. Another component of the hippocampus is the brain-deprived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its specific receptor TrkB. It has been found that in previous research that there is a high level of BDNF expression in the central nervous system in which it plays an important role in the survival, protection, maintenance and differentiation from insults to neural cells (Barde, 1989). In the hippocampus however, BDNF helps with long-term potentiation (Figurov, 1996). The majority of the neural effects of BDNF are regulated by binding to the TrkB receptor (Barde, 1989). The BDNF and TrkB could also play a role in the stress response in hippampal neurons (Tapia-Arancibia et al. 2004, Pardon et al. 2005, Sirianni et al. 2010). Previous research has observed how BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus play a role in the regulation of the HPA axis. Its role has to do with the termination of hypothalamopituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis responses to stress (Pizarro et al. 2004, McCormick et al. 2010), essentially the regulating the stress circuit to help maintain homeostasis (Herman et al. 1995). Other studies have found that this structure regulates the HPA axis through inhibiting its activity of BDNF and TrkB (Herman et al. 1996) and that hippocampal neurons can be hypersensitive to stress (Rot et al. 2009). They are especially vulnerable to long-term damaging influence of the glucocorticoids and can decrease expressions of BDNF (McEwen and Magarinos 2001, Bartolomucci et al. 2002, Murakami et al. 2005). It has been found that the consequences of long-term exposure to stress in the hippocampus can remodel hippocampal cells, which then can result in a malfunction of the affected area (Diamond et al.1996, Bremner 1 999). Different types of chronic or acute stress can modulate the reduction of BDNF and TrkB mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and in the pituitary gland of adult male rats (Rage 2002, Murakami 2005, Givalois 2001). Stress can play a more damaging role in the hippocampal regions of young and aged rats as well. Hippocampal vulnerability and reduction in neurotrophic factors have also been found in stressed and aging rats (Smith 1996, Li Yi 2009), and as well as in age-dependent rats that were postnatally exposed to maternal deprivation, which changed the BDNF expression in selected rat brain regions (Roceri, 2004).   All of which can possibly affect the structural synaptic plasticity which is has been found to be preserved in the dentate gyrus of aged rats (Geinisman, 1992) and has been linked to certain mood disorders (Duman, 2000). Many previous studies on the role of BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus under certain stress conditions relied mainly on the observations of modifications in the matter of these proteins in adult animals during immobilization stress (Givalois et al. 2001, Rage et al. 2002, Marmigà ¨re et al. 2003, Reagan 2007). All of which has found a difference in the expression of BDNF in certain regions of the HPA axis in adult male rats, which again can lead to the dysfunction of that affected region. Furthermore, to my knowledge no reports have been published about chronic immobilization stress-induced responsiveness of BDNF and TrkB and their role in juvenile and aged animals exposed to immobilization stress during two critical stages of brain morphologic and functional transformations. The hypothesis of the proposed study is that juvenile rats will have a reduction of the hippocampal region than those of aged rats when exposed to chronic immobilization stress. Methods Animal Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats from two age groups would be used for this study. The first group described as juvenile –JUV (postnatal 28 days) and the second group described as aged –AGE (postnatal 360 days).   They would be housed in groups of five animals per plastic cage in a room maintained under standardized light (8am to 8pm-hour light-dark cycle) and temperature (22 ±3 °C) conditions. They would be housed at least 1 week prior to the experiment. The animals would receive free access to food pellets and tap water. The care and treatment of the rats would be in accordance with the guidelines for laboratory animals established by the National Institute of Health as well as by the Local Ethical Committee of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Experimental Procedure All tests were conducted once a day in 60-minute sessions for 20 consecutive days at the same time, between 10:00am and 3:00pm. JUV and ADT animals would be divided into experimental groups (n=5), exposed to chronic immobilization stress and control non-stressed groups (n=5), which would remain in their home cages until perfusion. The control animals would be handled for a few minutes daily by the same operator. The chronic stress stimulation would begin for JUV rats at postnatal seven days old. Chronic Immobilization Stress During each session, the animals would be immobilized in accordance with a well-established protocol (Badowska-Szalewska, 2010). Rats are fixed on a wooden board (18Ãâ€"25 cm) in a supine position by means of a leather belt, after which each of their legs was fixed at an angle of 45 ° to the body midline with adhesive tape (Badowska-Szalewska, 2010). Experimental and control animals were sacrificed on postnatal day 28 (JUV) and 360 (ADT), 90 min after the final session. All animals will be deeply anesthetized with a lethal dose of a drug (choice pending) and then perfuse with 0.9% saline solution with heparin, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde solution in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) (Badowska-Szalewska, 2010). The brains will be removed and kept overnight and serial coronal sections of brain (40-ÃŽ ¼m-thick) will be cut. Immunohistochemistry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bordering sections would be processed for BDNF and TrkB with immunohistochemistry. The free-floating sections will be blocked in 10% Normal Goat Serum (NGS) for 2 hours and   incubated at 4 ºC for 3 days with the primary polyclonal rabbit anti-BDNF antibody and primary polyclonal rabbit anti-TrkB antibody (Badowska-Szalewska, 2010). After multiple rinses in a buffered saline (TBS), the sections will be incubated (2-3 hours, room temperature) with a secondary antibody. The controls for the immunohistochemical procedures will be processed with the same procedure with the exception of the primary or secondary antibodies. Therefore, no staining will be observed in the control slides. Qualitative Analysis An image analysis system will be used to analyze the number of BDNF-ir and TrkB-ir positive cells in the hippocampus. The total number will be divided into three (counted separately) areas of the hippocampus: CA1 subfield, CA3 subfield and dentate gyrus (DG). The cells that will be counted are the BDNF-ir cells or TrkB-ir cells in the pyramidal layer of CA1 and CA3, and in the granular layer of DG. The hemisphere and sampling will be chosen at random. The data will be analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the factor groups (intact vs. chronic immobilization stress) and age groups (juvenile-JUV and aged-AGE). Expected Results Under chronic immobilization stress exposure, juvenile rats should have a significant decrease in the density of BDNF immunoreactive (ir) neurons and TrkB-ir cells should be observed in CA1, CA3 and DG. After chronic immobilization stress exposure of aged rats, the density of BDNF-ir and TrkB-ir cells should not decline in any of the sub-regions of the hippocampus. Discussion The present study would investigate the age-related changes in the density of BDNF-ir and TrkB-ir neurons in the under the exposure of immobilized stress. Prolonged forced swim has been found to affect the amount of BDNF-ir and TrkB-ir cells in the hippocampus of juvenile, not aged rats (Badowska 2010). The number of cells that contains these proteins would   be higher in DG than in CA1 or CA3, which is mostly to be related to the various   intrinsic and extrinsic interactions of the denrate gyrus (Amaral and Witter 1989). If proven, then the high levels of BDNF and TrkB that are present in the hippocampus indicate that these molecules have important physiological functions in different stages of life (Tapia-Arancibia et al. 2008). It is extremely important as demonstrated during adolescence; BDNF influences almost all aspects of development, including stimulation of growth, differentiation of neuronal stem cells and many other various roles (Mattson et al. 2004, Tapia-Arancibia et al. 2004). The flip side of the coin is that during aging, BDNF may play a protective role by preventing neurodegeneration, and stimulating sprouting in the hippocampus (Smith 1996, Tapia-Arancibia et al. 2004), or increasing neuronal repair (Smith et al. 1995). As for TrkB, it exerts positive influence on dendritic branching and dendrtic integrity/plasicity in the hippocampus (Sato et al. 2001), therefore a reduction in the level of this protein may be underlying factor in the synaptic changes that occur with age in the hippocampus (Geinisman et al. 1992). It is also known that adolescent rats, versus adult subjects, tend to be more susceptible to the influence of aversive stimuli, which is created by   HPA axis activation (Avital and Richter-Levin 2005, Lupien 2009), by the prolonged secretion of glucocorticoid (Romeo et al. 2004, Cruz et al. 2008, McCormick et al. 2010).   Also the expression of BDNF and TrkB is possibly regulated in opposite direction, meaning that the gr owth of BDNF content occurs with the fall in the level of TrkB in the hippocampal cells of aged rats (Frank et al. 1997, Nibuya et al. 1999, Sommerfeld et al. 2000, Silhol M et al. 2007, Tapia-Arancibia et al. 2008).Therefore, the higher density of BDNF-ir and the lower density of TrkB-ir cells in AGE group of experimental rats may signify their protective effects against hippocampal damage of aging animals in stress conditions. This study will demonstrate that hippocampal subfields of juvenile and aged rats show different density of BDNF and TrkB immunostaining cells. Chronic immobilization stress would influence the density of BDNF-ir and TrkB-ir in juvenile animals and the aged rats would be the determining factor in the changes in the density of BDNF-ir and TrkB-ir in the hippocampal regions. REFERENCES Alleva, E., Santucci, D. (2001). Psychosocial vs. â€Å"physical† stress situations in rodents and humans: role of neurotrophins. Physiol Behav 73: 313–320. Avital, A., Richter-Levin, G. (2005). Exposure to juvenile stress exacerbates the behavioural consequences of exposure to stress in the adult rat. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 8:163173. Badowska-Szalewska, E., Klejbor, I., Cecot, T., Spodnik, JH., MoryÅ›, J. (2009). Changes in NGF/c-fos double staining in the structures of the limbic system in juvenile and aged rats exposed to forced swim test. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 69: 448–458. Badowska-Szalewska, Spodnik, E.,   Klejbor, I., MoryÅ›, J. (2010). Effects of chronic forced swim stress on hippocampal brainderived neutrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor (TrkB) immunoreactive cells in juvenile and aged rats. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 70: 370–381. Bartolomucci A, De Biurrun G, Czà ©h B, Van Kampen M, Fuchs E. (2002). Selective enhancement of spatial learning under chronic psychosocial stress. Eur J Neurosci 15: 1863–1866. Bremner JD. (1999). Does stress damage the brain? BiolPsychiatry 45: 797–805. Bridges N, Ã…  lais K, Sykov E (2008) The effects of chronic corticosterone on hippocampal astrocyte numbers: a comparison of male and female wistar rats. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 68: 131–138. Cheng A, Wang S, Cai J, Rao MS, Mattson MP. (2003). Nitric oxide acts in a positive feedback loop with BDNF to regulate neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the mammalian brain. Dev Biol 258: 319–333. Cruz FC, Quadros IM, Diamond DM, Ingersoll N, Fleshner M, Rose GM. (1996). Psychological stress impairs spatial working memory: Relevance to electrophysiological studies of hippocampal function. Behav Neurosci 110: 661–672. Dugich-Djordjevic MM, Peterson C, Isono F, Ohsawa F, Widmer HR, Denton TL, Bennett GL, Hefti F. (1995). Immunohistochemical visualization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 7: 1831– 1839. Duman RS, Malberg J, Nakagawa S, D’Sa C. (2000). Neuronal plasticity and survival in mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 48: 732–739. Fenoglio KA, Brunson KL, Baram TZ. (2006). Hippocampal neuroplasticity induced by early-life stress: Functional and molecular aspects. Front Neuroendocrinol 27: 180–192. Frank L, Wiegand SJ, Siuciak JA, Lindsay RM, Rudge JS (1997) Effects of BDNF infusion on the regulation of TrkB protein and message in adult rat brain. Exp Neurol 145: 62–70. Geinisman Y, de Toledo-Morrell L, Morrell F, Persina IS, Rossi, M. (1992). Structural synaptic plasticity associated with the induction of long-term potentiation is preserved in the dentate gyrus of aged rats. Hippocampus 2: 445–456. Givalois L, Marmigà ¨re F, Rage F, Ixart G, Arancibia S, Tapia-Arancibia L. (2001). Immobilization stress rapidly and differentially modulates BDNF and TrkB Mrna expression in the pituitary gland of adult male rats. Neuroendocrinology 74: 148–159. Greenberg ME, Xu B, Lu B, Hempstead BL. (2009). New insights in the biology of BDNF synthesis and release: implications in CNS function. J Neurosci 29: 12764– 12767. Jacobson L, Sapolsky, R. (1991). The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Endocr Rev 12: 118–134. Katoh-Semba R, Takeuchi IK, Semba R, Kato K. (1997). Distribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rats and its changes with development in the brain. J Neurochem 69: 34–42. Li Y, Ji YJ, Jiang H, Liu DX, Zhang Q, Fan SJ, Pan, F. (2009). Effects of unpredictable chronic stress on behavior and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in CA3 subfield and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in different aged rats. Chin Med J (Engl) 122:1564–1569. Lipsky RH, Marini, AM. (2007). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuronal survival and behavior-related plasticity. Acad Sci 1122: 130–143. Marmigà ¨re F, Givalois L, Rage F, Arancibia S, Tapia- Arancibia, L. (2003). Rapid induction of BDNF expression in the hippocampus during immobilization stress challenge in adult rats. Hippocampus 13: 646–655. Murakami S, Imbe H, Morikawa Y, Kubo C, Senba, E. (2005). Chronic stress, as well as acute stress, reduces BDNF mRNA expression in the rat hippocampus but less robustly. Neurosci Res 53: 129–139. Nibuya M, Takahashi M, Russell DS, Duman, RS. (1999). Repeated stress increases catalytic TrkB mRNA in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 267: 81–84. Rage F, Givalois L, Marmigà ¨re F, Tapia-Arancibia L, Arancibia, S. (2002). Immobilization stress rapidly modulates BDNF mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of adult male rats. Neuroscience 112: 309–318. Roceri M, Cirulli F, Pessina C, Peretto P, Racagni G, Riva, MA. (2004). Postnatal repeated maternal deprivation produces age-dependent changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in selected rat brain regions. Biol Psychiatry 55: 708–714. Romeo RD, McEwen, BS. (2006). Stress and the adolescent brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1094: 202–214. Sapolsky, RM. (2001). Depression, antidepressants, and the shrinking hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:12320–12322. Sato T, Wilson TS, Hughes LF, Konrad HR, Nakayama M, Helfert, RH. (2001). Age-related changes in levels of tyrosine kinase B receptor and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 in the rat inferior colliculus: implications for neural senescence. Neuroscience 103: 695–702. Schaaf MJM, De Kloet ER, Vreugdenhil, E. (2000). Corticosterone effects on bdnf expression in the hippocampus implications for memory formation. Stress 3:201–208. Sirianni RW, Olausson P, Chiu AS, Taylor JR, Saltzman, WM. (2010). The behavioral and biochemical effects of BDNF containing polymers implanted in the hippocampus of rats. Brain Res 1321: 40–50. Smith, MA. (1996). Hippocampal vulnerability to stress and aging: Possible role of neurotrophic factors. Behav Brain Res 78: 25–36. Tapia-Arancibia L, Rage F, Givalois L, Arancibia, S. (2004). Physiology of BDNF: focus on hypothalamic function. Front Neuroendocrinol 25: 77–107. Tapia-Arancibia L, Aliaga E, Silhol M, Arancibia, S. (2008). New insights into brain BDNF function in normal aging and alzheimer disease. Brain Res Rev 59: 201–220. Thoenen, H. (1995). Neurotrophins and neuronal plasticity. Science 270: 593–598. Yan Q, Rosenfeld RD, Matheson CR, Hawkins N, Lopez OT, Bennett L, Welcher, AA. (1997). Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in the adult rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 78: 431–448. Yee BK, Zhu S, Mohammed AH, Feldon, J. (2007). Levels of neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus and amygdala correlate with anxiety- and fear-related behaviour in C57BL6 mice. J Neural Transm 114:431–444.

Difference Between Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Difference Between Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Although there is overlap between chemistry and chemical engineering, the courses you take, degrees, and jobs are quite different. Heres a look at what chemists and chemical engineers study and what they do. Chemistry vs Chemical Engineering in a Nutshell The big difference between chemistry and chemical engineering has to do with originality and scale. Chemists are more likely to develop novel materials and processes, while chemical engineers are more likely to take these materials and processes and upscale them to make them larger or more efficient. Chemistry Chemists initially obtain bachelor degrees in science or arts, depending on the school. Many chemists pursue advanced degrees (masters or doctorate) in specialized areas. Chemists take courses in all major branches of chemistry, general physics, math through calculus and possibly differential equations, and may take courses in computer science or programming. Chemists typically take core courses in the humanities, too. Bachelor degree chemists usually work in labs. They may contribute to RD or perform sample analysis. Masters degree chemists do the same type of work, plus they may supervise research. Doctoral chemists do and direct research or they may teach chemistry at the college or graduate level. Most chemists pursue advanced degrees and may intern with a company before joining it. Its much more difficult to get a good chemistry position with a bachelors degree than with the specialized training and experience accumulated during graduate study. Chemical Engineering Most chemical engineers go with a bachelors degree in chemical engineering. Masters degree a popular, while doctorates are rare compared with chemistry. Chemical engineers take a test to become licensed engineers. After obtaining enough experience, they may continue to become professional engineers (P.E.). Chemical engineers take most of the chemistry courses studied by chemists, plus engineering courses and additional math. The added math courses include differential equations, linear algebra, and statistics. Common engineering courses are  fluid dynamics, mass transfer, reactor design, thermodynamics, and process design. Engineers may take fewer core courses, but commonly pick up ethics, economics, and business classes. Chemical engineers work on RD teams, process engineering at a plant, project engineering, or management. Similar jobs are performed at the entry and graduate level, although masters degree engineers often find themselves in management. Many start new companies. Job Outlook for Chemists and Chemical Engineers There are numerous job opportunities for both chemists and chemical engineers. In fact, many companies hire both types of professionals. Chemists are the kings of lab analysis. They examine samples, develop new materials and processes, develop computer models and simulations,  and often teach. Chemical engineers are the masters of industrial processes and plants. Although they may work in a lab, youll also find chemical engineers in the field, on computers, and in the boardroom. Both jobs offer opportunities for advancement, although chemical engineers have an edge because of their broader training and certifications. Chemists often pick up postdoctoral or other training to expand their opportunities.

The effects of caffeine on sprint performance times in cyclists Literature review

The effects of caffeine on sprint performance times in cyclists - Literature review Example al., 2012). The caffeinated drinks are gaining importance among the sprinters and other sport persons depending on the notion that drinks containing caffeine leads to physical and mental development. Furthermore, the caffeinated drinks are even noted to be increasing strength and endurances among athletes, which actually develops the popularity among the sportspersons to use such drinks. Physiological effects of caffeine are noted to be creating a huge amount of influence on sports person (Zapata & Obispo, 2011). Moreover, many sports persons have even affirmed the fact that the use of caffeine is noted to be creating an influence on the overall development of the physical needs of the players. Additionally, this is creating an impact on their physiological development during the initial days of practice. During the early years of practices, the use of caffeine is creating a huge amount of influence on the overall performances of the players during the initial use of the product. Use of caffeinated supplements during the time of practices has been affecting the overall development of the players. Laboratory reports support the views that the use of the caffeinated supplements increases stamina and strength among the players and develops their capacity to perform better. Positive effect of caffeine is even noted to be enduring performances among sprinter and is often acting to be a positive support for their development (Lee & et. al., 2014). With the positive impact of the product in the lifestyle of the athletes, there has been a change in the quantified use of the same. The caffeinated products support the sprinters with alertness and wakefulness and the same is easily digestible, hence, its acceptance within the different field of sports and other programs are likely to increase. The alarming rate of increase in the use of caffeine with regard to energy drinks are noted to be creating an influence on the

Write Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Write Experience - Essay Example They deliver on time and follow our quality procedures, which our contract stipulated. Unfortunately, they have had lapses in their quality assurance procedures, due to a labor strike that affected their workforce. Because of this, the remaining workers were pressed to do more, which obviously, they could not achieve. Several employees admitted being too tired for the quality check procedures we had asked them to perform. On June 2, 2012, only one employee was present for quality checks, instead of three, and he worked double shifts. This affected his judgment and he missed checking several packages, which the CCTV also showed. Because of this, some of the ingredients that the supplier delivered had been contaminated and still delivered to us. At present, we are working with the supplier regarding this problem. They admitted their quality lapses and are willing to pay for the hospitalization and medical expenses of those who are affected. We also suspended our contract with them, until they could hire enough people for their quality management system. At present, we already contracted a new supplier, who agreed to our renewed meticulous quality standard system. In addition, we also assigned one of our staff to conduct additional quality checks. She is Mrs. Linda Ashcroft, a nutritionist and food technologist. She will be in charge of designing, assessing, and implementing food quality standards. She presently evaluated our delivery, storage, cooking, and service systems and provided recommendations that we will immediately implement. We also invited the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to conduct a monthly review of our food and service quality. They are willing to send representatives to perform regular inspections. We hope that through these efforts, we can regain your confidence in our restaurant. We will do better from this time forward and we will be become more critical of our quality standards and procedures, and subject our suppliers to the

Factors Influencing the Use of Presidential Veto Essay Example for Free

Factors Influencing the Use of Presidential Veto Essay The democratic system of government relies mainly upon the proper functioning and the harmonious relationship between its three main branches: The Executive Department which has the power to execute the law; b) the Legislative Branch which has the power to propose, enact, amend and repeal the law; c) the Judiciary which has the power to interpret the law. Our constitution has divided these three most important functions to these three departments which are considered co-equal and supreme authority within their own domain. The principle of separation of powers has for its aim the prevention of the over concentration of authority in one person or group of persons that might lead to an error or abuse to the prejudice of the whole state. The idea is that the separation of power will produce greater action on the part of these three departments, prevent any of these three departments from over-extending their authority to the point of encroaching into the domains of the other department, to prevent the possibility of abuse by any department in the exercise of its power and to obtain maximum efficiency in the delivery of public service. Austin Ranney (1995) once said that any concentration of powers in a single branch is tyrannical and only true separation of powers will protect the liberties of the people against the aggressions of government. (Austin Ranney, p. 240) Checks and Balances The US Constitution has provided for the principle known as the checks and balances. Under this principle, the constitution has given each department certain powers by which it may restrain the other department from improvident action. This enables the whole state to maintain the right balance among them and preserve the will of the sovereign as expressed in the constitution. Thus, pursuant to the principle of Checks and Balances, one department is allowed to resist encroachments made by one department against another or to rectify mistakes and errors committed by the other department. The principle of separation of powers should not however be interpreted to mean that there is a sibling rivalry of some sort in the exercise of the powers of these departments. The fact remains that even if one department may control, interfere with or encroach upon the acts done by another department pursuant to the constitution, it is still the policy that each department have to interact with one another to achieve a unity of purpose. There is therefore no wall of isolation or animosity among the three departments. Blending of Powers Corollary to the principle of separation of powers and the checks and balances is the principle of blending of powers which is very evident in the manner every democratic government runs. In the performance of a constitutional task, one department acts in a manner complimentary to or supplementary to the other. The principles of separation of powers, checks and balances and blending of powers can be adequately explained in the manner of enactment of laws and statutes. The principle of separation of powers provides that to the legislative belongs the power and authority to enact, amend and repeal a law. To the executive department belongs the power to implement the law. Thus bills are passed by Congress and sent to the President for his approval. The principle of checks and balances is manifested in the way the president vetoes the bills passed by the Congress. The power to veto bills passed by Congress is stated under Article 1 Section 7 of the United States Constitution, to wit: â€Å"Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. (Article 1, Section 7, United States Constitution) Though the Congress enacts the law, the president has the prerogative to reject the law through his exercise of the veto power. In effect, the President, theoretically, can indirectly become a lawmaker by rejecting bills passed by Congress and by proposing to the Congress that certain bills be passed. The same is true for Congress which may greatly influence the exercise of the President of his authority to implement the law. It is clearly stated in the US Constitution that it has the power to override the veto power of the President provided it has the required numbers supporting it, to wit: â€Å"If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. † (Article 1, Sec 7, United States Constitution) In addition, to its power to override presidential veto, Congress may opt to exercise pressure to the president by not confirming certain presidential appointments which the constitution has delegated to the Legislative Branch. In addition, the Congress may also exercise its power to commence and initiate its power of Impeachment. (Gary W. Copeland) In effect, the Congress if it really wants to enact a bill into law may convince the President with the exercise of its power to sign the bills into law. Factors Why the President Veto Legislation There are different views on the president’s exercise of his veto power. Some say that the more the president exercises his veto power the more effective leader he is. (Jong R. Lee) The theory is that a president who can influence the Congress is more likely to veto a bill and once vetoed this bill will not be overridden by Congress. This appears to be conclusive considering the following statistics: from the time of Washington to Nixon the veto was used 2,257 times. Out of these, only 75 vetoes or only 6% have been overridden by Congress. On the other hand, some say that the president’s exercise of veto is a sign of weakness on his part. The idea here is that if the president really had control and influence over the Congress then they would not have passed these bills that prompted the president to override them in the first place. The veto power is one of the potent weapons which a president may exercise under our democratic system of government. It is even stated that it is the power of the President to veto legislations that make him a dominant American political figure. Copeland) The veto power of the president serves as a check to the power of the Legislative branch to make laws by exercising its veto power. One of the reasons cited for the exercise of the veto powers is because the bill is unconstitutional. The primary function of the President is not to please his political party or to please the electorates. His main responsibility is to protect the constitution and to ensure that the laws are passed i n accordance with the United States Constitution. As its protector, the Constitution has expressly given the president the power to veto bills which are unconstitutional. Thus, several presidents have in the past vetoed bills on the ground of their unconstitutionality. Thus, consider President Andrew Jackson who vetoed bills that seek to extend the charter of the Second Bank of the United States because he insisted the Bank was beyond the power of Congress to create. (Bruce Fein) Aside from the bill’s unconstitutionality, the president has also in the past vetoed bills based on serious ethical and moral grounds. One particular example is HR 810 or the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2006 which authorized the Secretary of State to conduct and support research that utilizes human embryonic cells. This bill was vetoed by the president. (â€Å"Message to the House of Representatives†) In his veto message dated July 19, 2006, President George W. Bush states that as though he is in favor of exploring the potentials of the research on stem cell, he however is apprehensive about the ethical repercussions of the said research. Signing this bill will allow the deliberate destruction of human embryos for the purpose of research which is damaging to our nation. In addition, it is widely acknowledged that the past president have used the veto power not merely to protect the constitution. The president has in the past used the veto power not merely as a means for protecting the constitution but also for various political purposes. It bears stressing that not all presidents have the support of the Congress. Several presidents in the past have to contend with a hostile Congress to get the needed legislations they wanted. If the president would not be firm in his response, it is possible that certain important pieces of legislations may not be passed at all. To avoid this from happening some presidents in the past have resorted to the extreme method of vetoing more laws to remind that that he holds the power. Consider the case of Franklin D. Roosevelt who in the past occasionally vetoed a piece of legislation simply to remind Congress that he is still in control (Richard E. Neustadt 1976) Harry Truman and Gerald Ford used the veto power for the purpose of determining differences in Congress to build a political base. (Neudstadt) It is the essence of democracy that the legislative and executive departments though they perform different tasks are co-equal. This may or may not be advantageous for the whole citizenry depending on the condition of the nation. It may happen that the country may experience economic difficulties. During this time, laws must be swiftly passed so that the needs of the people will be addressed more quickly. The ideal reaction would be that the Congress should communicate with the President so that they will have an understanding of what kind of laws need to be passed that can help improve the lives of the people. However, the exact opposite happens during economic difficulties. It is at this point that everybody wants to go grandstanding thinking that it is his best time to point the blame to another politician. It is at this time when every politician wants to be recognized for the littlest things he has done in the past. It is because of this reason that during economic difficulties and hardships there are more bills that are being vetoed by the president. Research has also shown that the president who feels that more voters are in his favor are more likely to use the veto power. The idea here is that the more the president thinks that he has the electorate on his side the more that he will tend to exercise this power to veto legislation. This could be measured by analyzing the results of the election in the past, the higher the votes the president gets the more likely it is that he will exercise this power. The political party who sponsored the bill may also influence the decision of the president whether he will veto it or not. The theory is that the more votes the bill receives from the members of his own party in Congress, the more likely that the president will sign the bill into law. On the other hand, the less votes the bill receives from the members of his own party, the more likely it is that the president will not sign the bill into law. Normally, when a bill is sponsored by a representative from a political party different from that o the president, the best thing for him to do if he seeks to have the bill passed into law is to compromise with the president and the other political party. Compromise can be manifested by deleting some portions of the bill which is objectionable on the part of the other political party. It bears stressing that if the sponsor of the bill refuses to eliminate these objectionable portions it is more likely that the president will likewise refuse to sing the bill into law and veto it. Conclusion The democratic system of government is indeed a complex system which requires the proper balance among its three branches. Based on the foregoing, there are many factors why a president may make use of his veto power. It could be because of the personality of the president. There are some presidents who are more inclined to veto legislations because they feel they have support of the electorate. President may also veto legislation because of the person sponsoring the bill. It is possible if the sponsor of the bill is someone other than a party mate of the president and the former does not make any compromises with the president such as deleting any objectionable portion of the bill then it is possible that the bill may be vetoed. Also, it could be because of the defects in the bill itself such as it is unconstitutional, unethical and immoral or may be because it is not yet timely.

Gender Roles in Society Essay -- Sociology Gender Sex Essays

Gender Roles in Society Suggested roles of all types set the stage for how human beings perceive their life should be. Gender roles are one of the most dangerous roles that society faces today. With all of the controversy applied to male vs. female dominance in households, and in the workplace, there seems to be an argument either way. In the essay, â€Å"Men as Success Objects†, the author Warren Farrell explains this threat of society as a whole. Farrell explains the difference of men and women growing up and how they believe their role in society to be. He justifies that it doesn’t just appear in marriage, but in the earliest stages of life. Similarly, in the essay â€Å"Roles of Sexes†, real life applications are explored in two different novels. The synthesis between these two essays proves how prevalent roles are in even the smallest part of a concept and how it is relatively an inevitable subject. Warren Farrell is a well educated man who focuses his attention on gender. In his essay â€Å"Men as Success Objects,† he writes about gender roles in male-female relationships. He begins, â€Å"for thousands of years, marriages were about economic security and survival† (Farrell 185). The key word in that statement is were. This implies the fact that marriage has changed in the last century. He relates the fact that post 1950s, marriage was more about what the male and female were getting out of the relationship rather than just the security of being married. Divorce rates grew and added to the tension of which gender held the supremacy and which role the individuals were supposed to accept. â€Å"Inequality in the workplace† covered up all of the conflicts involved with the â€Å"inequality in the homeplace†(Farrell). Farrell brings to attention all ... ...o accept. They help define male versus female. Most of the time these issues are taken lightly, and go unnoticed until someone or some group pays attention to the inequality and typical roles. It becomes interesting when roles are reversed in society to see how others react to those situations. Society seems to be getting more comfortable with female success, and less obsessed with women staying home to do housework. No matter how successful, there is always a struggle for dominance. It also seems to depend on how children are brought up as to how strongly those individuals strive to achieve their specific role. It will be interesting to see as society changes over time how the defined gender roles will continue to change as well. Whether it is the conflict of success, supremacy, or need for perfection roles will sustain time just as they have from the beginning.

Business Ethics Analysis

As permitted by Vietnamese law and labor regulations, Vietnamese subcontractors are permitted to employ hillier between the ages of 15 and 18 within their factories. This fact has infuriated children's rights activists in the united States (U. S. ) who feel that Nikkei is exploiting children in Vietnam to increase revenue. These activists protest the employment of children under the age of 18, and argue that children would have an opportunity to attend school and further their education if they are not forced to work.An opposing view of this argument is that children who accept employment within Vietnamese factories are doing so out of their own free will and feel fortunate o be earning an income to help contribute to the welfare of their family. Furthermore, secondary education in Vietnam Is not free as In the U. S. ; therefore, children who accept employment are most likely In a financial deficit and would likely not be able to afford to get a secondary education even If they had t he time to attend.Utilitarian model philosophy suggests that you should act in a way that generates the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people. Applying the utilitarian model to each of the prominent stakeholders from above gives a clear depiction of the pros and cons for both alternatives. A. Alternative #1: Continue to hire/employ underage workers For Alternative #1, in which Nikkei continues to hire and employ underage workers, there are more quantifiable positive outcomes than negative.Positive outcomes include increased income for Vietnamese workers and their families and reduced prices of Nikkei brand products, which is beneficial to both consumers and shareholders. There are several negative outcomes from continuing to employ children workers, which include Nikkei Corporation, Nine's CEO, and U. S. Global images remaining under scrutiny. Additionally, and most importantly, choosing to continue employing children in factories will likely to cause a consumer backlas h, reducing overall product sales.Alternative #1 : Continue to hire/employ underage workers Increased income for children's families Nine's public image suffers * Reduced prices for consumers U. S. Global image remains tarnished * Increased shareholder earnings* Reduced sales / consumer backlash *Increased revenue for Nikkei Increased scrutiny for CEO b. Alternative #2: Ban underage employment Applying the utilitarian model to Alternative #2, banning underage employment in Nine's factories, produces a negative quantifiable outcome. If Nikkei announced that it would no longer hire children, the corporation's public image, as well as the image of the U.S. N general, would improve, and Nikkei is likely to increase and expand its and increased consumer product costs) outweigh the positives for Alternative #2. Alternative #2: Ban underage employment Nine's public image improves * Increased poverty in Vietnam U. S. Global image improves * Costs of products increases Customer base expands Vietnamese children subjected to more harsh work environments Alternative favored: The Utilitarian Model, as displayed in the balance sheets above, favors Alternative #1, which is that Nikkei should continue to hire and employ underage workers. . Golden Rule Model The Golden Rule Model reflects the alternative that each of the key stakeholders would choose if given the choice: Key Stakeholder Alternative #1 Alternative #2 Employed/eligible Vietnamese children Yes No Families of employed/eligible Vietnamese children Yes Nikkei Corporation Yes No Other outsourced companies Yes No Consumers Yes No Nikkei CEO yes NO No Alternative favored: Alternative #1 is the clear choice for all of the key stakeholders using the Golden Rule Model. 3. Kantian Model a.Children in Vietnam are often depended upon in their society to go to work and ran an income in order to provide food and shelter for themselves and their families; therefore, they would argue for their right to do so by choosing Alternat ive b. Nikkei Corporation and other multinational companies are entitled to run their in which they operate. Nikkei would prefer Alternative #1 . C. Children's rights activists would argue that these child workers have the right to education, and that are prevented from doing so by being â€Å"forced† to work.These advocates for the Vietnamese children would be in favor of Alternative #2, banning all child labor in Nikkei factories. Alternative favored: The Kantian Model illustrates three significant societal values or rights that would be affected, with the majority in favor of Alternative #1 . 4. Enlightened Self-Interest Model Nikkei Corporation would view Alternative #1 , continuing to employ children in their overseas factories, as the most economically beneficial option.This alternative will reduce prices for consumers, increase shareholder earnings, and increase revenue for Nikkei. These benefits exceed the risks associated with Alternative #1, which mostly involves ta rnished images of Nikkei and its CEO. Alternative favored: Since the benefits to the decision maker (Nikkei) outweigh the harm caused to all other stakeholders, the Enlightened Self-Interest Model favors Alternative #1 .Moral Models – Best Fit The Utilitarian and Golden Rule Models are the most effective in determining which alternative is the best choice: Utilitarian Model: Alternative #1 has three (3) quantifiable pros vs.. Only one (1) con, whereas Alternative #2 zero (O) quantifiable pros as opposed to one (1) con. Golden Rule Model: All six (6) of the key stakeholders in this decision would benefit from Alternative #1 .Moral Models – Not a Good Fit Whereas the Utilitarian & Golden Rule Models clearly demonstrate that Alternative #1 is the best choice for all key stakeholders, the Kantian and Enlightened Self-Interest Models are not as convincing because they reflect the views of only a small portion of all stakeholders: Kantian Model: Alternative #1 positively aff ects two (2) out of three (3) social values or rights, whereas Alternative #2 only positively affects one (1). Comparisons within such a small sample size are not as convincing as the Utilitarian and Golden Rule Models.Enlightened Self-Interest Model: Although the most prominent stakeholder, Nikkei, would be positively affected by Alternative #1 , and said benefit outweighs any harm caused to all other stakeholders by choosing this alternative, the model advocates for the benefit of a single entity. The Utilitarian and Golden Rule Models take into consider a larger portion of all stakeholders who would be affected by this decision. Nikkei has been employing children in overseas factories for decades, during which time it has enduring many years of ridicule and criticism for doing so.Nikkei should try to improve its image to the public by taking the initiative to educate opponents of child labor with regard to the cultural differences between third-world countries and the U. S. They should specifically address the issue that it is not only the norm for children in those locations to work, but also that it is often a crucial for their survival. Additionally, Nikkei should enlighten critics about the educational norms of these children, emphasizing that most children over the age of 1 5 are not able to attend school because it is extremely costly and not enforced.

Defining Beauty Essay

The word â€Å"beauty† can mean an unlimited amount of things to so many people. Some people see beauty as a woman with a small figure, with her hair and makeup done like that of a model in a magazine. Others may see beauty as more of an internal asset, such as a woman giving more to this world than she knows she’ll ever get back. Still, many others may see beauty as something that is unattainable because the definition of it is so ironically undefined and ambiguous, that it may even be seen as non-existent. Beauty is extremely versatile and its definition is often debated because beauty has unlimited definitions. No one’s definition of beauty is wrong. However, it does exist and can be seen with the eyes and felt with the heart. The first and most commonly referred to definition of beauty is external beauty, or superficial beauty. â€Å"Beauty is only skin-deep†, as some people may say. The general public typically views beauty as something that often must be seen to be believed; a girl is not pretty unless she can prove it with appearance. â€Å"In the perpetual â€Å"body image debate† on Xanga and in the world, there are frequently posts that say, basically: â€Å"All sizes can be beautiful! It’s what’s inside that counts anyways!† Multiple commenters will agree with them, and everyone descends into gooey e-group-hugs. What they’re trying to do†¦ is nice. I won’t argue with â€Å"all sizes can be beautiful†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ I have my preferences and you have yours, and ideally we won’t bash one group or the other despite those preferences. I also won’t argue with â€Å"what’s inside counts,† because it’s obvious that one’s personality directly affects the way one is able to bond with people over time. But, to those who try to proclaim â€Å"looks don’t matter,† I say: Bullshit.† (Walker 2010). Whether this mentality is seen as ethically wrong or not, it IS a mentality and it IS acknowledged. If a person believes beauty is solely defined by physical appearance, then that is their individual opinion, and cannot be taken away from them, or marked as â€Å"wrong†. The second form of beauty, most naturally comes to mind as what’s known as â€Å"internal beauty†. You’ll most often hear things like â€Å"It’s what on the  inside that matters!† â€Å"Happy girls are the prettiest!† and the infamous â€Å"You have a great personality and that’s what matters!† Internal beauty IS what’s on the inside, obviously. Internal beauty is personality, charisma, lovingness, generosity; all the characteristics that typically make a person â€Å"beautiful† on the inside. â€Å"As I grew up, I began to realize outer beauty was not so important to make someone good. I remember a friend of mine who was so beautiful that every classmate wanted to talk with her, but she was very arrogant. She believed that she could do everything she wanted because she was so beautiful, but she lost friends one by one. My poor friend! But she learned a good lesson: inner beauty is more important than outer beau ty. After she learned that, she changed her attitude and made friends again.† (Ji 2010). Many people still believe that inner beauty is as important as outer beauty, while still some believe it is more important. This mentality is not wrong because it makes sense to the people that believe it. It must be acknowledged whether people think personality is more important than makeup, or not. And still, some people believe and feel that beauty can only be defined by the person who feels it. In other words, my internal and external beauty is examined and defined by the rest of the world, without me having anything to say about it. This particular definition says that that individual person, in this example being me; that I get to say whether I’m beautiful or not based off of how I feel, not the rest of the world, based off of one or both of the previous definitions. It is simply, what you define yourself as. â€Å"I know I looked beautiful that morning. Perhaps not to the young man holding his toddler in his arms who rode the elevator with me; perhaps not to the friend I met for lunch, a true believer in Botox; perhaps not to passersby on the street; but I knew it for a certainty. I was beautiful. I don’t believe that inner beauty is sufficient in this cruel world. That’s the pap one tells a child. I don’t believe that positive thinking improves your skin tone or that loving or being loved changes the shape of your nose or restores the thickness and color of hair, but I do know that there is a way of being beautiful, even as age takes its toll, that has something to do with the spirit filling with joy, something to do with the union with another human being, with the sense of having done well at something  enormously important, like making happy a man who has made you happy often enough.† (Roiphe 2012). Beauty cannot be defined as a single thing. It has no bounds; no limits as to say how beautiful something or someone can be, or if it’s beautiful or not. Beauty can’t be erased because it is forever living. No person sees it the exact same way. No one’s definition of it is incorrect because it has many definitions. Beauty exists, and can be felt more and more ways every day of our lives. Works Cited Ji, EunSuk. â€Å"Inner Beauty Is the Real Beauty – TOPICS Online Magazine | ESl/EFL | Sandy and Thomas Peters.† Inner Beauty Is the Real Beauty – TOPICS Online Magazine | ESl/EFL | Sandy and Thomas Peters. N.p., 07 Dec. 2010. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. . Roiphe, Anne. â€Å"What Makes Me Feel Beautiful.† Real Simple. N.p., 13 Aug. 2012. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. . Walker, Alexia. â€Å"Outer Beauty Totally Matters (Don’t Try to Deny It).† lovelyish.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov 2013. .

Quotes About What a 50th Birthday Means

Quotes About What a 50th Birthday Means If you are turning fifty, my hearty congratulations on the golden jubilee celebrations! Let the wine pour and the music roll, as you watch your life unfurl. Now that you are free of several responsibilities, you can sit back and enjoy the fruits of your labor. Here are some wonderful 50th birthday quotes to keep you rocking for the next decade! Victor Hugo: Forty is the old age of youth; fifty is the youth of old age.TS Eliot: The years between fifty and seventy are the hardest. You are always being asked to do things, and yet you are not decrepit enough to turn them down.Sophie Tucker: From birth to age eighteen, a girl needs good parents. From eighteen to thirty-five, she needs good looks. From thirty-five to fifty-five, she needs a good personality. From fifty-five on she needs good cash.Coco Chanel: Nature gives you the face you have at twenty, but its up to you to merit the face you have at fifty.Elizabeth Cady Stanton: The heyday of womans life is the shady side of fifty!Bob Geldof: I do think I feel it but you dont think you are cause at a certain time you are no age but you dont think you are anything. You feel the life you have lived. I feel that. Its been a long fifty years.Dawn Wells: Just because a woman is over fifty does not mean she no longer has anything to offer. If anything, we have so much more to offer! We have lived life, we get better with age. I do my best work now in my 60s. Sure, I could retire; but what would I do? Play Bingo? I think not! Cindy Crawford: The face you have at age twenty-five is the face God gave you, but the face you have after fifty is the face you earned.

Alfred Nobel and the History of Dynamite

Alfred Nobel and the History of Dynamite The Nobel prizes  were established by none other than inventor Alfred Nobel. But besides being the namesake behind  one of the most prestigious awards given annually for academic, cultural and scientific achievements, Nobel is also well-known for making it possible for people to blow things up.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before all that, however, the Swedish  industrialist, engineer, and inventor  built bridges and buildings in his nations capital Stockholm. It was his construction work that inspired Nobel to research new methods of blasting rock. So in 1860, the Nobel first started experimenting with an explosive chemical substance called  nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin and Dynamite Nitroglycerin was first invented by Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1846. In its natural liquid state, nitroglycerin is very volatile. Nobel understood this and in 1866 discovered that mixing nitroglycerine with silica would turn the liquid into a malleable paste called dynamite. One advantage that dynamite had over nitroglycerin was that it could be cylinder-shaped for insertion into the drilling holes used for mining. In 1863, Nobel invented the Nobel patent detonator or blasting cap for detonating nitroglycerin. The  detonator used a strong shock rather than heat combustion to ignite the explosives. The Nobel Company built the first factory to manufacture nitroglycerin and dynamite. In 1867, Nobel received U.S. patent number 78,317 for his invention of dynamite. To be able to detonate the dynamite rods, Nobel also improved his detonator (blasting cap) so that it could be ignited by lighting a fuse.  In 1875, Nobel invented blasting gelatine, which was more stable and powerful than dynamite  and patented it in 1876. In 1887, he was granted a French patent for  ballistite, a smokeless  blasting powder  made from nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. While Ballistite was developed as a substitute for black gunpowder, a variation is used today as a  solid fuel rocket propellant. Biography On October 21, 1833, Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His family moved to St. Petersburg in Russia when he was nine years old. Nobel prided himself on the many countries he lived in during his lifetime and considered himself a world citizen. In 1864, Albert Nobel founded Nitroglycerin AB in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1865, he built the Alfred Nobel Co. Factory in Krà ¼mmel near Hamburg, Germany. In 1866, he established the United States Blasting Oil Company in the U.S. In 1870, he established the Socià ©tà © gà ©nà ©ral pour la fabrication de la dynamite in Paris, France. When he died in 1896, Nobel  stipulated the year before in his last will and testament that 94 percent of his total assets go toward the creation of an endowment fund to honor achievements in  physical science, chemistry, medical science or physiology, literary work and service toward peace.  Hence, the Nobel prize is awarded yearly to people whose work helps humanity. In total, Alfred Nobel held three hundred and fifty-five patents in the fields of electrochemistry, optics, biology, and physiology.

The effect of Spanglish on writers writing output Essay

The effect of Spanglish on writers writing output - Essay Example One major advantage of Spanglish is its ability to illustrate the power of the mind to play with words showing further inventive and creativity at some certain point. In other words, Spanglish could eventually make substantial touch in creative writing as in a way it could be highly viewed as creativity of the mind especially in aspects concerning words are played. In most of creative writing techniques, playing with words are normally highlighted just to help emphasize the main point of the writers and even emphasize their creative touch for more aesthetic feel. In other words, by this specific advantage, Spanglish eventually affects the way people right these days. People have creative ways and means to express themselves in writing and Spanglish eventually is a specific tool in helping them to wallow in deeper sense of creativity with words. Therefore, with Spanglish, there could be an assurance of achieving creative piece. There is eventually a market for Latino and Spanglish is remarkably accepted as an evolution of the language growth (Kevane & Heredia, 2000, p. 136). In other words, with Spanglish, it is not only on the point that creativity can be nourished, but with it also includes the fact that a writer would be able to use language freely and openly and allow it to grow or even execute the things it must necessary do. These are just some of the advantages of Spanglish, which substantially show that it has remarkable impact on the writer’s creativity to play with words in a positive way.... 240). In other words, Spanglish could eventually make substantial touch in creative writing as in a way it could be highly viewed as creativity of the mind especially in aspects concerning words are played. In most of creative writing techniques, playing with words are normally highlighted just to help emphasize the main point of the writers and even emphasize their creative touch for more aesthetic feel. In other words, by this specific advantage, Spanglish eventually affects the way people right these days. People have creative ways and means to express themselves in writing and Spanglish eventually is a specific tool in helping them to wallow in deeper sense of creativity with words. Therefore, with Spanglish there could be an assurance of achieving creative piece. There is eventually a market for Latino and Spanglish is remarkably accepted as an evolution on the language growth (Kevane & Heredia, 2000, p. 136). In other words, with Spanglish it is not only on the point that creat ivity can be nourished, but with it also includes the fact that a writer would be able to use language freely and openly and allow it to grow or even execute the things it must necessary do. These are just some of the advantages of Spanglish, which substantially show that it has remarkable impact on the writer’s creativity to play with words in a positive way. Disadvantages of Spanglish Spanglish is usually written by bilingual writers which means they also have to look out for readers who in nature are bilingual and have great affinity for combined languages (Castillo, 2005, p. 190). The problem therefore with Spanglish is finding for good markets for it. Hispanic are good market opportunities for Spanglish (Castillo, 2005, p. 190), but