Delegated Legislation free essay sample

Designated enactment in its different structures is a vital wellspring of law in a dynamic culture. Parliament basically can't stay aware of the requirement for law change requested by society. The administration shaped inside Parliament needs to satisfy the guaranteed changes (among other plan) and there is clear strain to see that these changes are passed inside the specific meeting. The absence of particular information among MPs make DL an important road to guarantee sensible and powerful substance of the law. It is nonsensical to anticipate that MPs should have particular information nd understanding on a wide assortment of zones. Appointed force is likewise important to empower a specific clergyman or collection of individuals to give laws to manage crises and unforseen possibilities. Passing an Act of Parliament is an especially long procedure and accordingly inadmissible to manage crises. There are various worries over the commitment of appointed/auxiliary/subordinate enactment as a wellspring of law in the I-JK. We will compose a custom paper test on Assigned Legislation or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The heft of change by means of DL is disturbing eg 100 Acts to 3000 bits of DL and the worries are Justified. Designated egislation(DL) is a nonexclusive term for enactment which is passed by a subordinate body to whom Parliament has assigned law making powers. At a more elevated level, DL passed by the Privy Council or bureau priests or clergymen are called Orders in Council , Statutory Instruments and Ministerial Regulations while DL gave by Local Councils are called by laws . Unquestionably, these laws are not passed by Members of Parliament as the people groups authoritative agents however by bodies constrained by the official because of their one of a kind situation as a force inside Parliament and having a level of control ver Parliament. This danger is aggravated by the act of sub assignment inside the service. The initial segment of the announcement above is in this way legitimate as the possibility of vote based system depends on a country administered by laws passed by prominently chose delegates as opposed to the official. The creation of DL by official priests/bodies is likewise in opposition to the standards of the Doctrine of Separation of Powers which is drilled in most law based countries. The last piece of the announcement is along these lines apparently Justified in that the act of L is a significant expense to pay as a wellspring of law today. In spite of this worry it is verifiable that DL is a fundamental practice to guarantee smooth administration of a country. These worries have anyway been tended to by the different types of parliamentary, Judicial and political controls working to guarantee that the danger is contained or diminished. The Parent Act itself gives limits to the activity of intensity by the subordinate body and furthermore gives rules eg the prerequisite to counsel, and technique for endorsing the designated laws. The Joint Select Committee on Statutory Instruments has the capacity of examination and audit of such laws to guarantee

Reverse Offshoring from India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Turn around Offshoring from India - Essay Example Redistributing was a pattern which showed move of work which was of low innovation and little wages to an organization or a country which gave such advantages. (Frauenheim, (2005). Today progressively with issues of picking up H1B visas for movement and requirement for creating neighborhood skills just as the straightening of wages in some very good quality class of occupations Indian IT organizations have graduated to the second degree of re-appropriating, invert redistributing. (Turn around redistributing, 2004). Hence Infosys Technologies and TCS intended to enlist more than 55,000 specialists in 2004-2005. (Switch redistributing, 2004). This pattern supposedly is commonly useful as workers in the West are progressively consumed by Indian IT firms. Representative for Infosys a main IT consultancy firm from India affirmed this pattern, ascribing it to utilizing India's profitability with reasonable counseling administrations in the United States. (Millard, 2004). Redistributing according to Harmonize, Hostetler, Middleton (2003) is certifiably not another training however its applied improvement has maybe happened after development of IT. IT being a center innovation territory, organizations had throughout the years thought that it was simpler to redistribute as opposed to make in house abilities. This pattern was obvious in little just as large organizations. (Antonucci, 1998). Driving Indian organizations as TCS and Wipro have been significant recipients of re-appropriating throughout the years. As Ryans (1996) demonstrates, the purposes behind re-appropriating are evident for organizations receiving rewards of center fitness of an organization or its staff and maintaining a strategic distance from in house gradual addition of aptitudes just as labor. The pattern of opposite redistributing rises up out of the requirement for reducing expenses just as building up an increasingly adjusted plan of action which can support the client situated at various areas over the globe. This was additionally one of the essential reason for creating re-appropriating as an idea in the underlying years. (Garaventa. Tellefsen, 2001). Kelley and Jude (2005) fight that as redistributing is a piece of business the need is to concentrate on the way toward settling on proper choices as opposed to the expenses of doing as such. This is obviously clear in the choice of Indian IT organizations embracing reverse re-appropriating. The equalization of expenses versus investment funds has maybe driven these organizations to lead this exceptionally testing model of business where they can use their center fitness. The rise of converse re-appropriating as a characteristic type of development in business is likewise obvious according to Baldo (2004). Talking about the up and coming rivalry among China and India, Baldo (2004) fights that as India turns out to be increasingly capable in ingestion of business redistributing; the business levels at which this happens is a lot greater, consequently prompting a move of low end work to different nations as China therefore setting up the pattern of converse re-appropriating. The pattern of converse redistributing in this manner infers survey and return of work by IT organizations in India to US firms or representatives so as to use preferences picked up from capabilities just as social affinities of nearby populace in the nation of origin. Consequently having increased immense agreements from worldwide business bargains, these organizations think that its advantageous to turn around redistribute employments gave by Western firms to local people in this manner empowering more noteworthy infiltration of the neighborhood advertise. (Turn around, Nd). Gupta (2005), CEO of Inkorus posting on

Bank first Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bank first - Essay Example 381-384). Elements that affected interest bend of houses to move to the privilege are expanded discretionary cashflow through home loans and a noteworthy interest level. This expanded the total interest to raise the balance value (Boyes and Melvin, p. 49-50). Components that caused a move in flexibly bend are decreased consumer’s budgetary limit, the legitimate arrangement for abandonments and the diminished number of individuals who could purchase the accessible homes. This had an impact of bringing down the balance value (Boyes and Melvin, p. 54-56). The U.S. economy was at the downturn stage during the lodging emergency. This is a direct result of the similar condition that dissimilar to past poor monetary conditions in which banks could exchange dispossessed homes, the period was the most noticeably awful, and such resale was impractical (Boyes and Melvin, p. 132). The economy is presently at the recuperation stage, a phase that follows melancholy towards rebuilding. The recuperation time frame is additionally recognizable by the change that followed the emergencies, for example, government activity to spare the financial segment through bailing them. The financial business has anyway not arrived at its pinnacle execution (Boyes and Melvin, p. 132). The administration endeavors to rescue the banks didn't forestall misery. This is on the grounds that it assumed a microeconomic job to a solitary division of the economy as opposed to guaranteeing a thorough way to deal with the macroeconomic issue. This is anyway not the best possible job of the administration whose duty covers all areas of the economy, including security of buyers. The company’s distinguished hazard factors remember irregularity for â€Å"economic and money related environment† that occasionally antagonistically influence execution, absence of trust in the government’s capacity to guarantee a stable financial status, variety in loan costs that occasionally brings down

Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized Essay Example for Free

Execution Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized Essay The illicit utilization of anabolic steroids by proficient competitors is regularly a hot catch subject in the news. Steroids were restricted because of the negative symptoms related with its utilization. Regardless of the boycott, numerous competitors are associated with illegal steroid use to improve their presentation. There is incredible expense related with arbitrary testing to decide whether such competitors use steroids. Anne Whitaker and Rosalyn Carson-Dewitt, in the article, â€Å"Point: Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized†, make a to some degree viable contention with respect to why it ought to be authorized. This article gives a contention to the authorization of anabolic steroid use by competitors. The creators equal the utilization of corrective medical procedure and undesirable eating regimen regimens by models and entertainers and the utilization of steroids by proficient competitors to remain at the highest point of their games. The creators give truthful data with respect to steroids and the impacts its utilization has on the body, trailed by their feeling regarding how sanctioning would profit the games world, yet additionally society all in all. Whitaker and Carson-Dewitt give various realities with respect to the qualities of steroids, the impacts of their utilization, and the historical backdrop of its illegalization. They depict various techniques for use: cycling (here and there utilization of a specific portion), stacking (taking numerous steroids all the while), and pyramiding (expanding and diminishing the dose after some time) (Whitaker and Carson-Dewitt, 2011). The creators proceed to portray the physical impacts of steroid utilize, for example, organ harm, stroke, malignant growth and hypertension (Whitaker and Carson-Dewitt, 2011). The creators at that point give a timetable with regards to the forbidding of steroid use in different elite athletics associations followed by a national boycott. It is the assessment of Carson-Dewitt and Whitaker that steroids ought to be legitimized. They opined that authorization would have complex advantages: expanded wellbeing and guideline of steroid use, diminished access and utilization of steroids by teenaged kids; and decrease in the expenses related with testing. While, by all accounts, these suppositions appear to be coherent, the contentions are not all bolstered by realities. The case that legitimization of steroids would lessen its utilization by young people, just in light of the fact that they would be recommended by specialists, is unjustifiable. Young people would almost certainly keep on getting to steroids through similar techniques right now utilized. The expense of testing could conceivably be diminished as guideline would at present cutoff the measure of steroids to be securely utilized. Testing would in any case happen to confirm that lawful safe cutoff points were watched. The verifiable data contained in the article is adequate to give a point of view from which to comprehend the authors’ contention. The creators fall flat, anyway to give true data to help their cases. This outcomes in a contention that sounds conceivable on a superficial level, however crashes and burns with any measure of basic reasoning. Thus, I accept the creators neglected to make a convincing contention. References Carson-Dewitt, Rosalyn, and Whitaker, Ann. â€Å"Point: Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized.† By: Points of View: Steroids, 2011.

Creditor Right System of Company Law Coursework

Loan boss Right System of Company Law - Coursework Example Precious stone to the organization towards working capital must be enlisted with organizations inside a time of 21 days. â€Å"If a registrable charge isn't enlisted in time, at that point it is void against the outlet or executive and any lender of the organization. This implies the obligation for which the charge was given will stay payable, yet it will be unsecured.† (Company charges, 2009, p.7). Consequently, for this situation, it is accepted that the charges on debentures and obligations have been enlisted and, accordingly, they should be paid first before setting the cases of the unbound loan bosses and the value investors of the organization. It is regular information that the corporate element, Crystal Chandeliers Ltd, is a constrained organization and along these lines, with the exception of under uncommon conditions, the investors, Ms.Crystal, and her children would be at risk just for the estimation of unpaid offers payable by them, or as it were, the offers which they hold. Precious stone Chandeliers Ltd is a restricted obligation organization the individual resources of the proprietors are generally shielded from business lenders as an issue of law. Investors and LLC individuals have a sort of benefit assurance called constrained individual risk under which it is hard to attach. Normally unbound lenders would rank the last after all particular and made sure about loan bosses are paid off. Be that as it may, in the occasion, the charge on the advantages are not enlisted with the Companies House inside the endorsed time, it is conceivable that these would likewise rank just as unbound loan bosses, alongside different sorts of uncollateralized debt holders.â

Technology and Policy at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Technology and Policy at SIPA COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog You normally dont correlate cyberspace with policy but contrary to belief, it is closely tied together.   I was reminded in a meeting today about all the great work SIPA is doing and the now many courses on the impact of technology on policy and cyber security issues. SIPA was granted a $1 Million grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York to help link academics to policymakers.   SIPA will expand its role as a key global hub for research and consultation on policy.   Drawing on Carnegie support, SIPA will promote multi-disciplinary research in the growing area of cyber policy and internet governance, drawing together faculty from across the University and engaging them with senior practitioners in both the public and private sectors around the world. “Because cyber security has become such a highly visible problem for governments, companies, and individuals, the development of cyber policy and governance is a high priority,” said Dean Merit E. Janow. “As the hub of global policy studies at Columbia, SIPA is well-positioned to draw upon leading thinkers at Columbia University and around the world and bring scholars and practitioners together across disciplines to generate fresh ideas and policy recommendations,” said Dean Janow. Among other initial activities, the grant will be used to support two of SIPA’s newest scholarsâ€"Herb Lin, a senior fellow in cybersecurity, and Andrew McLaughlin, a senior fellow in technology and public policy.

Background of Peter Drucker - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION Background of Peter Drucker Peter Ferdinand Drucker is the real name for Peter Drucker and he was an Austrian-born American. He was known as a management consultant, educator and author that had contributed to the philosophy and practical foundations of the modern business organization. He was born on 19 November 1909 at Vienna, Austria. At that time, his mother was a medicine student while his father was a lawyer and high-civil servant. His mother is Caroline Bondi and his father is Adolf Drucker. After graduates from DÃÆ' ¶bling Gymnasium, Drucker moved to Hamburg, Germany and working as an apprentice at an established cotton trading firm. That was his first working experience. Then, he moved to Frankfurt and worked as a journalist at the Daily Frankfurter General-Anzeiger. With the organization, Drucker had written for the Der ÃÆ'–sterreichische Volkswirt (The Austrian Economist). In 1931, he got a doctorate in international law and public law from the University of Frankfurt. Two years after that, Drucker worked for an insurance company in London in 1933 before he worked as the chief economist at a private bank. Then, he got married with his wife on 1934, which is a year after that. After got married, both of them stayed at United States and Drucker was a university professor as well as a freelance writer and business consultant. Drucker got the authority to be the citizen of United States on 1934. At that time, he was a professor of politics and philosophy at Bennington College until 1949. From 1950 until 1971, Drucker had working as the Professor of Management for twenty-two years at New York University. Drucker was the developer of one of the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s that offered MBA programs for working professionals at Claremont Graduate University when he was at the California in 1971. From 1971, he was the Clarke Professor of Social Science and Management at Claremont until he dies. Claremont Gradua te Universityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Management School was known as the Peter F. Drucker Graduate School of Management before it was changed. Then, it was renamed again as Peter F. Drucker and Masatoshi Ito Graduate School of Management. In 1999, at Claremont Graduate University, Drucker has established the Drucker archives, and it became the Archives Drucker Institute after seven years, in 2006. Drucker taught his last class in 2002 at age 92 but he still active as a consultant to businesses and non-profit organizations. At the age of 95 years old, on 11 November 2005, he died in Claremont, California due to natural causes. Well-known strategy: Management by objectives(MBO) Management by objectives(MBO) is the theory by Peter Drucker. The term management by objectives was first popularized byPeter Druckerin his bookThe Practice of Management, 1954. Management by Objectives(MBO) also known asManagement by Results(MBR). According to Drucker, it is the procedure of setting object ives and monitoring progress towards them should permeate the entire organization. In the other way, it is a process of defining objectiveswithin an organization so thatmanagement and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they need to do in the organization in order to achieve them. Behind the principle of Management by Objectives (MBO), employees must have a clear understanding of the roles and responsibilities expected of them. Then they can understand how their activities relate to the achievement of the organizations goal and the importance on fulfilling the personal goals of each employee. The features of Management by Objectives (MBO) are superior-subordinate participation, joint goal setting and support from superiors. Superior-subordinate participation means management and subordinates need to understand that in Management by Objectives (MBO), they must work together to come up with goals and objectives. They must jointly agree on exactly how the job duties should be handled in order to attain those goals. For the joint goal setting, the cooperation level is required in the Management by Objectives (MBO) process. All sides must realize that the goals that are being set should be tangible, verifiable and measurable. In order it to be a successful venture, management and subordinates need to agree on objectives that are realistic and attainable. That is relating with the previous duties from both superior-subordinate participation that have to come out with the goals that are achievable by the organization. The third features is, superiors should have to make he available to the employee in term of giving them full of support. Superiors should offer advice and guidance to every individual that is working towards the organizational goals that have been set. This is exactly how Management by Objectives (MBO) works in maintaining a high level of communication and cooperation between management and employees. Management by O bjectives (MBO) consists of five steps which are goal setting, manager-subordinate involvement, matching goals and resources, implementation of plan and review and appraisal of performance. The first step is goal setting. The organizational objectives have to be crystal clear before any other steps can be considered. These are usually decided upon by top executives after consulting with the entire management team and the final decisions are them passed on to the rest of the organization, with the main focus on Key Result Areas (KRA). Key Result Areas are the targets or goals set by an entity in their strategic plan. It is used in many areas of business including customer service and human resources for examples are the duties and responsibilities of a person are to carry out in their job and their performance on each one. Second step is manager-subordinate involvement. Once the bigger organizational details have been decided, management and subordinates get to work on setting individual goals, with everyone within the organization involved. This joint consultation is important because people become highly motivated in achieving objectives that were set by them to start with. The goals of subordinates are specific and short range in order easier for subordinateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unit to achieve within the specific period of time that already had been decided. Matching goals and resources is the next step. It is means nothing if not matching goals and resources. At this point, management must look at providing their people with all the tools and materials they need to meet those goals. If the goals are precisely set, then the resources requirement can also be precisely measured thus making the resources allocation easier. The allocation of resources should be done in consultation with the subordinates. Once all the objectives have been decided and resources put in place, the employees can start their work and responsibility according to the plan. Th ey can call on management at any time if they need further assistance. As long as it is within the frame work of organizational policies, there should be minimum interference by management. This is the fourth step, which is the implementation of plan. The last step is review and appraisal of performance. It is important that managers and subordinates meet regularly to evaluate performance and progress. The same fair and measurable standards should be used during this process as they were in the planning stage. By review and appraisal of employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance, it can improve the morale of subordinates since the manager shows an active interest in the subordinateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work and progress. It will attract and motivate employee to do their work better and getting better after that. There have some of the advantages of Management by Objectives (MBO). Firstly is motivation which means involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasi ng employee empowerment. Motivation in the workplace is obviously very important. Creating a motivating environment at the workplace produces happy employees, low staff turnover and absenteeism, enhanced productivity, satisfied customers and better financial performance. At the same time, this will increases employee job satisfaction and commitment towards their works. Another advantage is better communication and coordination. Frequent reviews and interactions between superiors and subordinates help to maintain harmonious relationships within the organization and also to solve many problems. Through this, it will avoid any miscommunication and any information will be sent clearly, thus will produce effective and productive staffs. The barriers or gap between the top management and lower management team will be reducing and there is an existing tight bond of relationships within the organization. For Management by Objectives (MBO) to be effective, individual managers must unde rstand the specific objectives of their job and how those objectives fit with the overall company objectives set by the board of directors and it is linked to the organizations objectives. The managers of the various units or sub-units, or sections of an organization should know not only the objectives of their unit but should also actively participate in setting these objectives and make responsibility for them. The limitation means something that bounds, restrains, or confines. There are several limitations to the assumptive base underlying the impact of Management by Objectives (MBO) which are time consuming, develop conflicting objectives and lack of appreciation. Time consuming problem might occur in this theory. Management of Objectives (MBO) is incredibly effective, but it takes time to show the progress. The process of setting objectives is not something that tends to happen quickly and easy. It needs regular meeting in order to assess just how well the system is worki ng and the progress from time to time. Another limitation in Management by Objectives (MBO) is develops conflicting objectives. The goals and objectives of each individual within the organization may not be the same with the other employees, which are particularly happening when there are multiple departments. Each department will have their own ideas of success, which they may feel is different from the rest, all of which creates conflict and at the end it will give bad impact and the objectives cannot be achieved by the organization successfully. Besides, Management of Objectives (MBO) will have the lack of appreciation as the limitation. The purpose of Management of Objectives (MBO) is to involve everyone in the goal setting of the organization, but it can still fail if the goals are not properly managed. It can also be a limitation if management do not delegate properly or motivate accordingly. There have some criticism for Management by Objectives (MBO) for example W. Edwards Deming said, Management by Objectives (MBO) is a barrier to quality improvement. He make this when United States having industrial problem due to Japanese dramatic creation of quality product at low cost after World War II, through à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Eliminate Management by Objectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . There is no clear understanding of Management by Objectives (MBO) in relation to strategic management (Dale Krueger, 2004). Management by Objectives (MBO) does not provide full and complete strategic management and it can only be accomplished on a group basis but not the staffing and external environment. Here are some strategies to make Management by Objectives (MBO) an effective which are by support from all, training of managers and allocation of adequate time and resources. Support from all means executives may only implement a Management by Objectives (MBO) into the organization, but it will only work if every member of management is on board with the plan and work toget her in order to achieve the goals. It is not only management that has to buy in, though, with every single employee need to understand what is needed to make it work and then co-operating every step of the way. They really have to feel that Management by Objectives (MBO) is a program that benefits to all. Training of managers is the next strategies should be implementing to make Management by Objectives (MBO) effectives. Since Management by Objectives (MBO) differs from any other management style, existing bosses must be brought up to date with the philosophy of Management by Objectives (MBO). They need to understand how the principles of Management by Objectives (MBO) can be implementing into the current company philosophy. This training is a crucial part of the process, especially since it is the manager and employees that are going to be responsible for setting the majority of goals and objectives. Another strategy should be implement is allocation of adequate time and reso urces, even the best planned Management by Objectives (MBO) program requires a minimum three to five years before it will give the positive results. Managers and employees should not employ Management by Objectives (MBO) thinking that it will be a quick fix solution and it will be settle in a short time. CONCLUSION Peter Druckerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s idea and concept of Management by Objectives (MBO) is still stay in this 21st century. Nowadays, the economy is rapidly growth in technology development. Employees are more preferred for freedom and active participation in management. Implementation of Management by Objectives (MBO) will help the employees to have the sense of full satisfaction and motivation as it enable them in the decision making and management process actively. Management by Objectives (MBO) is suitable practicing within the management in knowledge-based organizations such as software development companies that need all their workers or employees getting involve in the management and always come out with the new ideas that are never being introduced before. The employees are given sufficient responsibility and authority to achieve their individual objectives. Accomplishment of individual objectives eventually contributes to achieving organizational goals. References Peter Drucker. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved Mac 23, 2014, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Drucker Management by Objective. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved Mac 23, 2014, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_by_objectives The Drucker Institute. (2014). Peter Druckerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Life and Legacy. Retrieved Mac 22, 2014, from https://www.druckerinstitute.com/ Management by Objectives. (2012). Advantages of Goals and Objectives Management. Retrived Mac 22, 2014, from https://managementbyobjectives.com/advantages-of-goals-and-objectives-management/ Management by Objectives. (2012). Limitations of Management by Objectives. Retrieved Mac 22, 2014, from https://managementbyobjectives.com/limitations-of-management-by-objectives/ Management by Objectives. (2012). How To Make Management by Objectives Effective? Retrieved Mac 22, 2014, from https://managementbyobjectives.com/how-to-make-management-by-objectives-effective/ Bob Krone, PhD. (2005). Management by Objectives. A Controversial Classic. Retrieved Mac 23, 2014, from https://artwork.net/ks/asq711/quality5a.htm Dale Krueger, Ph.D. Strategic management and management by objectives, 2004, pp 1-8.

Acheulean Tradition

The Acheulean (sometimes spelled Acheulian) is a stone tool techno-complex that emerged in East Africa during the Lower Paleolithic about 1.76 million years ago (abbreviated mya), and persisted until 300,000-200,000 years ago (300-200 ka), although in some places it continued as recently as 100 ka. The humans who produced the Acheulean stone tool industry were members of the species Homo erectus and H. heidelbergensis. During this period, Homo erectus left Africa through the Levantine Corridor and traveled into Eurasia and eventually Asia and Europe, bringing the technology with them. The Acheulean was preceded by the Oldowan in Africa and parts of Eurasia, and it was followed by the Mousterian Middle Paleolithic in western Eurasia and the Middle Stone Age in Africa. The Acheulean was named after the Acheul site, a Lower Paleolithic site on the Somme River in France. Acheul was discovered in the mid-19th century. Stone Tool Technology The defining artifact for the Acheulean tradition is the Acheulean handaxe, but the toolkit also included other formal and informal tools. Those tools included flakes, flake tools and cores; elongated tools (or bifaces) such as cleavers and picks (sometimes called trihedrals for their triangular cross-sections); and spheroids or bolas, roughly rounded sedimentary limestone rocks used as a percussion tool. Other percussion devices on Acheulean sites are hammerstones and anvils. Acheulean tools demonstrate a significant technological advance over the earlier Oldowan; an advance thought to parallel a cognitive and adaptive increase in brain power. The Acheulean tradition is broadly correlated with the emergence of H. erectus, although the dating for this event is /- 200,000 years, so the association of the evolution of  H. erectus with the Acheulean toolkit is a bit of a controversy. Besides flint-knapping, the Acheulean hominin was cracking nuts, working wood, and butchering carcasses with these tools. She had the ability to purposely create large flakes (10 centimeters [4 inches] in length), and reproduce standard tool shapes. Timing of the Acheulean Pioneer paleontologist Mary Leakey established the Acheuleans position in time at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where she found Acheulean tools stratified above the older Oldowan. Since those discoveries, hundreds of thousands of Acheulean handaxes have been found throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia, spanning several million square kilometers, in multiple ecological regions, and accounting for at least one hundred thousand generations of people. The Acheulean is the oldest and longest-lasting stone tool technology in the worlds history, accounting for more than half of all recorded tool-making. Scholars have identified technological improvements along the way, and although they agree that there were changes and developments during this huge chunk of time, there are no widely-accepted names for the periods of technology change, except in the Levant. Further, since the technology is so wide-spread, local and regional changes occurred differently at different times. Chronology The following is compiled from several different sources: see the bibliography below for further information. 1.76-1.6 mya: Early Acheulean. Sites: Gona (1.6 mya), Kokiselei (1.75), Konso (1.75), FLK West, Koobi Fora, West Turkana, Sterkfontein, Bouri, all in eastern or southern Africa. Tool assemblages are dominated by large picks and thick bifaces/unifaces made on large flake blanks.1.6-1.2 mya: Sterkfontein, Konso Gardula; refinement of handaxe shape begins, advanced shaping of handaxes seen at Konso, Melka Kunture Gombore II by 850 ka.1.5 mya outside Africa: Ubeidiya in the Jordan Rift Valley of Israel, bifacial tools, including picks and handaxes, which account for over 20% of the tools. Additional tools are chopping tools, choppers and flake tools but no cleavers. Raw source material varies by tool: bifacial tools on basalt, chopping tools and flake tools on flint; spheroids in limestone1.5-1.4 in Africa: Peninj, Olduvai, Gadeb Garba. Massive production of large, shaped tools, high-quality raw materials, flake blanks, cleavers1.0 mya-700 ka: known as Large Flake Acheulian in some place s: Gesher Benot Yaaqov (780-660 ka Israel); Atapuerca, Baranc de la Boella (1 mya), Porto Maior, El Sotillo (all in Spain); Ternifine (Morocco). Numerous bifacial tools, handaxes, and cleavers make up the site assemblages; large flakes (exceeding 10 cm in maximal dimension) were used to produce handaxes. Basalt was the  preferred source for cutting materials, and true flake cleavers were the most common tool.700-250 ka: Late Acheulean: Venosa Notarchirico (700-600 ka, Italy); La Noira (France, 700,000), Caune de lArago (690-90 ka, France), Pakefield (UK 700 ka), Boxgrove (UK, 500 ka). There are hundreds of sites dated to the Late Acheulean with many thousands of handaxes, found in harsh deserts to Mediterranean landscapes, and some of the sites have hundreds or thousands of handaxes. Cleavers are almost absent and large flake production no longer used as a primary technology for handaxes, which are at the end made with early Levallois techniquesMousterian: replaced all LP industri es beginning around 250,000, widely associated with Neanderthals and later with the spread of Early Modern Humans. Sources Alperson-Afil, Nira. Scarce but Significant: The Limestone Component of the Acheulean Site of Gesher Benot Yaaqov, Israel. The Nature of Culture, Naama Goren-Inbar, SpringerLink, January 20, 2016. Beyene Y, Katoh S, WoldeGabriel G, Hart WK, Uto K, Sudo M, Kondo M, Hyodo M, Renne PR, Suwa G et al. 2013. The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(5):1584-1591. Corbey R, Jagich A, Vaesen K, and Collard M. 2016. The Acheulean handaxe: More like a birds song than a Beatles tune? Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 25(1):6-19. Diez-Martà ­n F, Sà ¡nchez Yustos P, Uribelarrea D, Baquedano E, Mark DF, Mabulla A, Fraile C, Duque J, Dà ­az I, Pà ©rez-Gonzà ¡lez A et al. 2015. The Origin of The Acheulean: The 1.7 Million-Year-Old Site of FLK West, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Scientific Reports 5:17839. Gallotti R. 2016. The East African origin of the Western European Acheulean technology: Fact or paradigm? Quaternary International 411, Part B:9-24. Gowlett JAJ. 2015. Variability in an early hominin percussive tradition: the Acheulean versus cultural variation in modern chimpanzee artefacts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370(1682). Moncel M-H, Desprià ©e J, Voinchet P, Tissoux H, Moreno D, Bahain J-J, Courcimault G, and Falguà ¨res C. 2013. Early Evidence of Acheulean Settlement in Northwestern Europe - La Noira Site, a 700 000 Year-Old Occupation in the Center of France. PLOS ONE 8(11):e75529. Santonja M, and Pà ©rez-Gonzà ¡lez A. 2010. Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean industrial complex in the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary International 223–224:154-161. Sharon G, and Barsky D. 2016. The emergence of the Acheulian in Europe – A look from the east. Quaternary International 411, Part B:25-33. Torre, Ignacio de la. The Transition to the Acheulean in East Africa: an Assessment of Paradigms and Evidence from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, Rafael Mora, Volume 21, Issue 4, May 2, 2013.

The Deadly Politics Of Industrial Pollution - 1604 Words

Nowadays it is common to hear on the news about recent health and environmental scares especially with the increasing research done about the causes and effects of global warming. However, life just a century ago was very different. During the early twentieth century, people trusted industries. Therefore, they did not fight for government regulation of industries or the need for it to inform them about possible harmful practices done by industries. It took the deaths and emergence of illnesses of many workers and citizens for the public to start worrying. Gerald Markowitz and David Rosner discussed this time period with a focus on the lead and chemical industries in their book Deceit and Denial: the Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution.†¦show more content†¦To please the public the industry also said they would conduct research about the effects of lead, but the research was funded by the lead industry so they skewed the presentation of the results to the public. Soon the re were also cases reported of lead poisoning in children from their habit of biting lead-painted toys. This time the lead industry tried to distract the public by increasing their advertisements highlighting the benefits of lead using the mascot of the Dutch Boy Painter and slogans, such as â€Å"ethyl is to gasoline what vitamins are to food.† However, by the 1970’s with the introduction of safer elements and the decrease in public support, the lead industry lost its importance in the world. The second section of the book focused on the chemical industry, specifically vinyl chloride, where it was explained there was little known about the effects of chemicals. Because of this, there was the question of whether â€Å"a product was to be considered safe until proven dangerous† or vice versa where a product was considered dangerous until proven safe. This time the public showed greater opposition to the use of vinyl chloride, as environmentalists and labor unions united to reveal the harmful effects of it. Similar to the lead industry, the chemical industry also fought back reasoning to the government that only high levels of chemical exposure was harmful to people and the government

How to Write an Argumentative Essay on an Unfamiliar Topic

Argumentative (also called persuasive) essays are commonly assigned as a part of advanced composition courses; which means that if you take such a course you should be ready for this ordeal. Sometimes you happen to know the subject matter of your essay fairly well, and if you are assigned with the task that you can write more or less freely you may consider yourself lucky. However, more often than not students get stuck with topics that are purposefully chosen to be unknown to them, because one of the main reasons why you write an argumentative essay in the first place is for you to learn how to collect, analyze and use relevant evidence and do research. That is why this short text will provide you with a couple of tips on how to write an argumentative essay on a topic you haven’t encountered before. Hopefully, after reading them you will be able to stand your ground in the next essay you have to write. Writing an Example: an Essay on Deforestation So let’s say you’ve been given a task to write about deforestation, and you neither know anything about it nor care about ecology one way or another. What should you do? First, define the topic you are going to write about, unless you were given direct instructions by your tutor. If you can adjust the topic yourself, try to make it somewhat more personal: do not talk of deforestation in general, for example, but write about deforestation in developing countries, or about the history of deforestation in North America, or something along the same lines. Make sure you express the thesis of your essay on deforestation in the first couple of sentences – don’t make it too long, as the essay in total is rarely supposed to be longer than three or four pages. Body paragraphs should contain evidence in support of the point of view you express in the introduction – and it really should be evidence, not just your feelings or emotions about the subject. Facts, s tatistics, examples from real life, personal experience – anything will do as long as it supports your point of view. Other Good Argumentative Essay Topics If you are given a free reign in choosing a topic for your argumentative essay, you are both lucky and unlucky at the same time: on the one hand, you don’t depend on anyone to choose the subject matter for you, on the other hand, it is easy to become overwhelmed by the sheer amount of possibilities. However, you may find it easier to deal with the task if you approach it logically. The common feature of all good argumentative essay topics is that they are controversial: there are two or more widespread points of view on the issue in question, and the supporters of all of them can find enough evidence to prove them. The fact that there are other opinions out there creates the basis for your work: you should make the point of view you support look more logical and trustworthy than all others.

The Pros and Cons of Abolishing Minimum Wage - 954 Words

Abolishing Minimum Wage Increase, decrease or abolish minimum wage; which is best for our citizens and our economy? Minimum wage was implemented to help unskilled workers to make a living wage but as time goes on the value of minimum wage has plummet. In my research paper I will provide knowledge about minimum wage such as the history, purpose, benefits and the results. I will also present the pros and cons of abolishing the minimum wage and the increase/decrease of minimum. The minimum wage was originally implemented in 1938 in the Fair Labor Standards Act setting an hourly wage rate at 25 cents. Throughout the years it has been raised multiple times and recently been raised to $7.25 an hour. Between adjustment periods and inflation†¦show more content†¦Some argue that increasing the minimum wage will help improve the economy and benefit employers and employees, but it will have the opposite effect. It would be a heavy burden on small business owners; due to low income it would be very hard to have a great amount of employees if minimum wage shall be raised. Unemployment will likely to increase to 9% due to the money crisis and When legislators raise the price of low and unskilled labor, its usually low and unskilled laborers who end up paying the price (Boston Globe). Also the government has not yet proven that increasing minimum wage will lower the poverty rate. Multiple studies demonstrated little or no relationship between a higher minimum wage and a reduction in poverty. On the other hand decreasing the minimum wage has been argued, but decreasing minimum wage can represent an expense that a small business may not be able to afford. Small businesses will attempt to get more production from existing staff and new employees paying them a lower wage which will do no justice to poverty but will increase companys payout. It will also be very hard for single family homes and lower educated people to survive and make ends meet if the government decreases minimum wage. Iit would also hurt small business owners for they could not be able to afford to run which conclude toShow MoreRelated America Needs a Variable Minimum Wage Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pages Minimum wage is the least amount of money that an employer is legally required to pay an employee. It is something that all people in the American workforce know about. It was made to prevent the employer from taking advantage of employees. It is what creates the bare minimum standard of living for the 73.9 million hourly wage workers in the United States. However, there are many different jobs with varying amount of skills that are needed for those jobs. This is where the problem arises becauseRead MoreBenefits Of The Death Penalty Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagesstates recently have been abolishing capital punishment. Yet, as of October 2014, support for capital punishment is still strong as three fifths of Americans continue to back capital punishment. It is important that capital punishment is included as a punishment for all violent criminals for it can be used as a deterrent, taxpayers have to pay less money to sustain criminals, and an executed criminal is no longer a threat to society. States that are considering abolishing capital punishment or haveRead MoreShould Prisons Be Reformed And Not Demolished?2690 Words   |  11 Pagesnot demolished. As time progresses many types of prisons have existed. From role model communities to some of the worse pits on earth whom have literally driven men mad. Here in the United States of America we have many types of prisons. We have minimum and medium security, close secu-rity, maximum security, and federal. Outside of our little bubble we have many more prisons where the sentencing could mean life or death. As Americans we have been consumed by an overwhelmed sense of right. But thatRead MoreAll Work And No Pay : The Ethical, Economic And Social Debate On Unpaid Internships3016 Words   |  13 Pagesby framing the problem and highlighting the importance of this phenomenon. Following that, the multiple perspectives on this issue will be discussed and an analysis of the pros and cons of unpaid internships will unravel that unpaid internships are inherently flawed. Lastly, the paper will acknowledge that completely abolishing unpaid internships is an unrealistic pursuit and provide reaso nable action plans to remedy the situation. 2. Situation Overview Macroeconomic Effects of the 2008 RecessionRead MoreDavis Bacon Act9473 Words   |  38 PagesConstruction projects and most contracts for federally assisted constructions exceeding $2,000 required to pay their employees the standard wage and benefit package that workers in the area performing similar work are earning the â€Å"prevailing wage†. Prevailing Wage typically means the local union wage. In government contracting, â€Å"a  prevailing wage  is the hourly wage, benefits and overtime, paid to the majority of workers, laborers, and mechanics within a particular area†. The culprit of all of thisRead MoreBusiness Studies Notes Full Syllabus22444 Words   |  90 Pagesart of getting things done through others. Management can be defined as, the process of getting things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and efficiently. Efficiency and Effectiveness Efficiency means doing the task correctly at minimum cost while effectiveness means completing the task correctly. Although Efficiency and effectiveness are different but they are interrelated. It is important for management to be both i.e. effective and efficient. Example : A business produces targetedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesservice both far and near. But the explosion in quantity was also a transformation in quality. Migrations were inseparable from unprecedented urbanization and population growth, the expansion of industrial production and global markets, the spread of wage labor, the growth and extraction of food and resources to feed those workers, the revolution of transportation technologies, and the accompanying creation of an international system of nation states, borders, and population management techniquesRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesshipping. Now the road was opened for almost unlimited expansion. Employee Benefits â€Å"From the beginning of my management of Starbucks, I wanted it to be the employer of choice, the company everybody wanted to work for. By paying more than the going wage in restaurants and retail stores, and by offering benefits that weren’t available elsewhere, I hoped that Starbucks would attract people who were well-educated and eager to communicate our passion for coffee.† 6 These words of Howard Schultz wereRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPower 285 Strategies for Gaining Organizational Power 286 The Necessity of Power and Empowerment 286 Sources of Personal Power 288 Sources of Positional Power 293 Transforming Power into Influence 298 Influence Strategies: The Three Rs 298 The Pros and Cons of Each Strategy 300 Acting Assertively: Neutralizing Influence Attempts 304 SKILL ANALYSIS 310 Case Involving Power and Influence 310 River Woods Plant Manager 310 SKILL PRACTICE 311 Exercise for Gaining Power 311 Repairing Power Failures in Management

Process matrix Free Essays

For my process design matrix I chose a financial consulting service and a fitness product that I am familiar with. For my financial services I have a dedicated team that I assign different projects and tasks to. I try to ensure that our service it above average in quality and time frames. We will write a custom essay sample on Process matrix or any similar topic only for you Order Now To ensure this I keep a continuously updated roster of files and agents that I assign new and specifically tough deals to. If I know of an incoming file I can pre schedule to audit the file and do my research on which agent has the appropriate experience and time to commit. Once this is done we interview the client with the agent to ensure a good working relationship will ensue. As the project moves forward I manage the agent’s expectations and commitments to the client and provide all the assistance the agent may need. Often times we assign an assistant to make the process move along smoother and meet our commitments. We have obviously no inventory other than human resources and this provides the quality of our service which is the measure of success and quality. The product I chose is a fitness product I am familiar with, Core 46. The product has been through 4 years of design and research work. The tooling and manufacturing has been researched and committed to through another year of work and testing. We are nearing the final design stage and upon completion we will require the manufacturing facility to commit to no less than 100,000 units per month. This will not be near our order demands which will require us to contract with no less than a total of 4 manufacturing facilities in different strategic locations. The quality focus will be nearly guaranteed as the individual pieces will be made from a mold that is already going through extensive quality testing. Upon completion of the old making we will order a total of 4 sets to be sent to the 4 manufacturing facilities. All manufacturing will be done on a Just In Time TOT) basis. We will occasionally run mass quantities but that will be shipped to accommodate international purchase orders from Distribution Centers in Australia, Asia and Europe. Performance of the manufacturing centers will be based purely on their ability to meet demand and random quality testing. Once the customers receive the final product a survey will be sent ensuring the product was prepared, assembled, packaged and set up according to plan and expectations. We will be able to track ACH order based on the manufacturing center it was initially ordered from. There is and will be only minimal allowances regarding returns do to manufacturing mistakes and the facility will be charged back xx on each as is written into their contracts. Both my financial services and Core 46 are well thought out and planned projects that require much management and hands on follow up. I don’t expect or allow for much failure so key components are put in the plan and accommodations for all levels of needs and quality assurances are in place accordingly. This is the only way to ensure business is done properly success ensues. How to cite Process matrix, Essays

Fundamentals of Law and Corporations Law

Question: Describe about the Report for Fundamentals of Law and Corporations Law. Answer: 1. In order to make the advice to Robert and Vanessa regarding the structure of their business, there has to be the detailed discussion regarding the different forms of business structure that is the partnership, company, and trust. The definition of partnership form of business emerges or is formed in those cases where there are more than two persons to start any business together. The maximum limit of persons to start a partnership business is twenty persons. The partnership form of business exists in two forms. Any business of partnership can be either limited or general. There are several factors that exist in a partnership business[1]. Those factors and elements are as follows: There must be the definition of the duties of the partners in the deed of partnership from the beginning of the partnership business. The responsibilities of the partners of any partnership business must be stipulated in the deed of partnership. The golden rule of the partnership is that in the case of any disputes that are in relation to business should not be brought or related with the family unit of any partner. There is the personal liability in case of partnership business. The next form of business structure is the company form. In a company, the shareholders are the owners of the company and the directors are the administrators of the company. But in the case of a company of independent contractor or one person company, there is only one person who acts as the member, director, and shareholder. The company can either be the private company or public company. the public company refers to those companies of which the public can make the purchase of the shares in order to make the investment in the company. The primary purpose of any company is to conduct business[2]. The primary responsibility or obligation to any shareholders of any company is limited up to the face value of shares that is held by him or her in that company. There is the responsibility of the directors to conduct the proper administration in the company, and they are answerable to all the shareholders of the failure and success of the company. Though the shareholders hold the majority of the shares in any company, they have the power to dismiss any directors, but such dismissal shall be based on the operations control of the company[3]. In the recent years, it has been seen that the director of any company is unable to avoid the issue of guarantee of directors to the creditors. The issue of the guarantee of the directors as that director honoring the debts of the company in personal terms, in case the company fails to acknowledge the same. In the case the company fails to make the payment of its debts the creditors possess the right in winding up and liquidation of the company[4]. Any company is considered as a separate entity from its owners. Any company has a perpetual succession. It means that any company enjoys continued existence. It also states that any member may come and go but company continues to exist. Any company has a limited liability. A company has its own common seal. Any company has the right to sue and the right to be sued. Any company has also the right to make the purchase of any property in its name. The third form business structure is trust. The term trust refers to a legal entity that is specially designed to make the protection of the interests of any persons who are known as beneficiaries. In order to make the creation of any trust, any person put down any sum of money. Such person is known as the settler. The obligations of any trustee are that the make the assurance that the best interests of the beneficiaries are subject to be addressed. Any trust must include minimum one person or entity to possesses to make the hire, replace or fire the trustee in such event of death or sickness. This person or entity is referred to as the appointer. The said trustee can be any person who is of the legal age that means that such person must have attained the age of eighteen years[5]. Based on the above discussion, the business structure that can be suggested or advised to Robert and Vanessa is that of partnership. It is because the partnership form of business will be the most suitable for the two persons considering their form of business. In the initial years they can start with the partnership form of business but late on they can shift to the company form of business for the purpose of enlarging their business. 2. In the Corporations Act of 2001, there are the rules that are stipulated in that are to be followed by any company at the time of its formation and also at the time of its winding up. In the section 124 of the Corporations Act of 2001, there has been the express stipulation of the legal capabilities of any company. In the section subsequent to section 124 of the Corporations Act that is Section 125, the Constitution of any Company can limit the powers of its members and may also set the objectives or the aims of any company[6]. Section 125 makes the express stipulation that in case any company has any constitution, there may be an express restriction or prohibition on the exercise of any powers of any company. The exercise of any power by any company is not considered as invalid as the power is restricted by the constitution of that company. It has also been mentioned in the same section that if any company has any express constitution, then such constitution may set out the objects and the aims of any company. Any act of a company shall not be considered as invalid simply because it stands in contrary beyond the objects that are specified in the constitution of any company[7]. In Section 124 of the Corporations Act of 2001, there are specified the capacities in the legal sense of the term. The section grants the powers to the companies or corporations the power to make the issue of shares, debentures. It also grants the options to any company to take the decisions regarding the shares that are unissued. It also grants the companies to issue a security interest to any capital that is uncalled[8]. In the given case, there has been the decision taken by Robert and Vanessa to make the registration of a proprietary company that is limited by shares. In making the registration there has been the constitution framed by them that highlights four primary powers. The four primary powers in the constitution are discussed below in details. The first power in the constitution is that the Company will be engaged in a business that will be related with the extraction and selling of the fungal products that are fungal in nature from Amanita. In the beginning of the case study provided, it has been provided that Robert and Vanessa is interested in the mushroom field of mushrooms. They made the discovery of a new species of mushrooms known as Amanita. Such species is related to stop or prevent the aging among women. Hence, they wanted to set up their own business set up for doing the business of such species of mushrooms. In accordance to that, they set up the constitution of the company in order to register the same as a proprietary company. As it is mentioned in the constitution of the company, the company shall be entitled to indulge in such business that is related with the selling and extraction of fungal products from Amanita[9]. The second power that is mentioned in the Constitution is that the Company shall make the appointment of an accountant named Bill and shall remain in that post unless he makes the decision resign. In simpler terms it means that the company shall not remove Bill from the post of accountant until he resigns unless anything contrary happens[10]. The third clause that is prescribed in the Constitution of the Company is that the same shall not be amended unless all the member agrees to such amendment. It means that the amendment of the constitution shall not be done without the consent of any of the members unless such amendment is required in an immediate basis[11]. The fourth clause of the Constitution states that any contract that is over the value of over dollar twenty-five thousand shall require the signature and approval of either Vanessa or Robert. In simple terms it means that when any contract is entered into by the company the signature and approval of Vanessa and Robert is not necessary. But if any contract exceeds the consideration amount of dollar twenty-five thousand, there would be the requirement of the approval and signature of Vanessa and Robert[12]. 3. Issues In the given case, the primary issues that are involved in the given case is that whether Bill, the accountant appointed by the company of Robert and Vanessa would be held liable for making the purchase of a software related with accounting for an amount of dollar thirty thousand. The second issue that is involved whether Robert and Vanessa is entitled to make the payment or accept the software that is purchased by Bill[13]. Relevant Laws In the given case, the general principle of contract or contract law applies. The law of constitution in cases of companies also applies. It is provided in Section 125 of the Corporations Act of 2001 is that in case any company has any constitution; there may be an express restriction or prohibition on the exercise of any powers of any company. The exercise of any power by any company is not considered as invalid as the power is restricted by the constitution of that company. It has also been mentioned in the same section that if any company has any express constitution, then such constitution may set out the objects and the aims of any company. Any act of a company shall not be considered as invalid simply because it stands in contrary beyond the objects that are specified in the constitution of any company[14]. It is an established principle in the law of contract that if any contract exists between two parties then the parties should act in accordance to the contract. In case any party fails to act in accordance to the contract then such failure shall be regarded as the breach of contract. The breach of contract by any party renders the other party the opportunity to sue him or her in a suit for breach of contract. In case of breach of contract by one party, the other gets opportunity or right to make the specific performance of the contract or sue for damages or compensation[15]. Application In the given constitution of the company, the second clause provides expressly that the accountant Bill shall stay in the post of accountant unless he resigns. In the same Constitution in clause four, it has been mentioned that any contract of the amount of dollar twenty-five thousand requires the approval and signature of either Vanessa or Robert. Hence, Bill has breached the established rule in the company. If there exist any contract where Bill is entitled to purchase the accounting software, then Vanessa and Robert would have been bound to accept the purchase. In the absence of the same, the company shall be governed by the rules prescribed by the constitution. Bill should have approved and taken the signature of Vanessa and Robert before entering into the contract of making the purchase of accounting software. Hence, the fact of accepting the accounting software is at the option of Vanessa and Robert[16]. Conclusion In the conclusion, it can be said that Vanessa and Robert may or may not accept the software related to accounting. Reference List "Recognition of foreign administrative acts: Report from Australia to the XIXth International Congress of Comparative Law." (2014). Bentley, Karen, and Adam Denley. "Isolated nucleic acids are patentable-what does the Myriad decision in Australia mean for patent applicants?."Australasian Biotechnology23.3 (2013): 53. Boyle, Liam. "An Australian August Corpus: Why There is Only One Common Law in Australia."Bond Law Review27.1 (2016): 3. Chen, Vivien, Ian Ramsay, and Michelle Anne Welsh. "Corporate Law Reform in Australia: An Analysis of the Influence of Ownership Structures and Corporate Failure."Australian Business Law Review44.1 (2016): 18-34. Crockett, Michael, and Muhammad Jahangir Ali. "Auditor independence and accounting conservatism: Evidence from Australia following the corporate law economic reform program."International Journal of Accounting Information Management23.1 (2015): 80-104. Evans, Alan W. "2014 Board strategy workshop."Governance Directions66.8 (2014): 464. Floyd, Louise, and Michael Evan Gold. "Jimmy Hoffa: Alive, Well and Living in Australia? The Kennedy Legacy and Australian Labor Law Reform."The International Lawyer49.1 (2015): 21. Hiller, Janine S. "The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility."Journal of Business Ethics118.2 (2013): 287-301. Johnstone, Richard. "Work health and safety and the criminal law in Australia."Policy and Practice in Health and Safety11.2 (2013): 25-44. Kirby, Michael. "Unmet needs for legal services in Australia: Ten commandments for Australian Law Schools."Law in Context34.1 (2016): 115. Lynch, Amanda H., et al. "The role of the Yorta Yorta people in clarifying the common interest in sustainable management of the MurrayDarling Basin, Australia."Policy Sciences46.2 (2013): 109-123. Meek, Paul, and Des Butler. "Now we can see the forest and the trees, too, but there are risks: camera trapping and privacy law in Australia."Camera Trapping: Wildlife Management and Research(2014): 331. Sheehy, Benedict. "Defining CSR: Problems and solutions."Journal of Business Ethics131.3 (2015): 625-648. Turton, David J. "Unconventional gas in Australia: towards a legal geography."Geographical Research53.1 (2015): 53-67. Walker, Gordon, et al. "Commercial Applications of Company Law in New Zealand."COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF COMPANY LAW IN NEW ZEALAND, CCH New Zealand, Auckland,(2012). Willmott, Lindy, et al. "(Failed) voluntary euthanasia law reform in Australia: Two decades of trends, models and politics."University of New South Wales Law Journal, The39.1 (2016): 1. [1] "Recognition of foreign administrative acts: Report from Australia to the XIXth International Congress of Comparative Law." (2014). [2] Bentley, Karen, and Adam Denley. "Isolated nucleic acids are patentable-what does the Myriad decision in Australia mean for patent applicants?."Australasian Biotechnology23.3 (2013): 53. [3] Boyle, Liam. "An Australian August Corpus: Why There is Only One Common Law in Australia."Bond Law Review27.1 (2016): 3. [4] Chen, Vivien, Ian Ramsay, and Michelle Anne Welsh. "Corporate Law Reform in Australia: An Analysis of the Influence of Ownership Structures and Corporate Failure."Australian Business Law Review44.1 (2016): 18-34. [5] Crockett, Michael, and Muhammad Jahangir Ali. "Auditor independence and accounting conservatism: Evidence from Australia following the corporate law economic reform program."International Journal of Accounting Information Management23.1 (2015): 80-104. [6] Evans, Alan W. "2014 Board strategy workshop."Governance Directions66.8 (2014): 464. [7] Floyd, Louise, and Michael Evan Gold. "Jimmy Hoffa: Alive, Well and Living in Australia? The Kennedy Legacy and Australian Labor Law Reform."The International Lawyer49.1 (2015): 21. [8] Hiller, Janine S. "The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility."Journal of Business Ethics118.2 (2013): 287-301. [9] Johnstone, Richard. "Work health and safety and the criminal law in Australia."Policy and Practice in Health and Safety11.2 (2013): 25-44. [10] Kirby, Michael. "Unmet needs for legal services in Australia: Ten commandments for Australian Law Schools."Law in Context34.1 (2016): 115. [11] Lynch, Amanda H., et al. "The role of the Yorta Yorta people in clarifying the common interest in sustainable management of the MurrayDarling Basin, Australia."Policy Sciences46.2 (2013): 109-123. [12] Meek, Paul, and Des Butler. "Now we can see the forest and the trees, too, but there are risks: camera trapping and privacy law in Australia."Camera Trapping: Wildlife Management and Research(2014): 331. [13] Willmott, Lindy, et al. "(Failed) voluntary euthanasia law reform in Australia: Two decades of trends, models and politics."University of New South Wales Law Journal, The39.1 (2016): 1. [14] Sheehy, Benedict. "Defining CSR: Problems and solutions."Journal of Business Ethics131.3 (2015): 625-648. [15] Turton, David J. "Unconventional gas in Australia: towards a legal geography."Geographical Research53.1 (2015): 53-67. [16] Walker, Gordon, et al. "Commercial Applications of Company Law in New Zealand."COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF COMPANY LAW IN NEW ZEALAND, CCH New Zealand, Auckland,(2012).

Dad free essay sample

It could have ended horribly, but I am pleased to say that there are happy endings out there. I mean, the marriage had a bad ending divorce. After fifteen years and two children, my parents decided to call it quits. I was seven years old, and all I knew was that my mom, my sister, and I were moving ten minutes away and my dad was staying at home. My older sister basically disowned my dad, blaming the end of the marriage on him. I never really wanted to look into things and still dont; Ive never been sure why. For a while, everything was weird. My situation at home with my mom and sister was uncomfortable. They were always putting my dad down and I always had to stick up for him. It would get me really upset, but I never told them because I didnt want them to get angry with me. Some nights he would encourage me so much that I would get upset and throw a tantrum. He loved to tell jokes and had one for every occasion. He loved to make people laugh. He acted as if it were his goal in life to make people laugh, or at least, smile. There was never a dull moment when he was in the room. To everyone he was the jokester, to me he was something more than words could describe. My dad knew everything and more. He excelled at everything he did; raising two beautiful and smart children was only one. To my brother and me he was in a way our hero, always picking us up after scrapping our knees or elbows. Any tear that was shed was wiped away by a large warm, comforting hand. He influenced us with his knowledge. My dad, as well as my mother, influenced us to achieve at everything thing we try in life. He made everything he did look like it required no effort at all. His words of encouragement still ring in my head to this day even after his passing. I still know today that he will always encourage me just not in the same way.

Arthur Miller Essay Example

Arthur Miller Paper In Arthur Millers play The Crucible Abigail Williams plays a big part in the Salem witch trials. Although this is so, there were many other factors and people who contributed to the Salem witch trials and the subsequent tragic deaths of those accused. Factors such as the community, the court, and other factors related to personal vendettas and situations played an equally big part in the horrible events of the Salem witch trials. The play Crucible was written in the 1950s, although set in late 1600s in Salem village Massachusetts. The play is based on real life events, through the use of legal records some of the facts have been changed but most of them are similar to the actual events. Abigail Williams a 17 year old orphan seems to be the centre of the events that took place in 1692 in the small town of Salem. In the play she has a lot of influence on the events. At the beginning of the play we find Betty Parris in bed unconscious and later realise the cause. Abigail Williams and her friends Mercy Lewis, Ruth Putnam, the slave girl Tituba and Abigails cousin Betty had been dancing in the woods. We will write a custom essay sample on Arthur Miller specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Arthur Miller specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Arthur Miller specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mary Warren another friend of Abigails was watching the others, where Abigail drank a blood charm to kill Elizabeth Proctor, who we meet later. You drank blood Abby You drank a charm to kill John Proctors wife! You drank a charm to kill Goody Proctor! Unfortunately for them Reverend Samuel Parris had seen them doing this. The state of Betty and Ruth both unconscious is what started the suspicion of witch craft. Uncle, the rumour of witch craft is all about This made Abigail and the others very scared because the punishment for witchcraft was hanging. Witcherys a hangin error. So they decided to lie or should we say Abigail decided they should lie. Abigail appears to be the leader of the group as she is the one who prompts the others to do and say things. She is a bully and a liar. Now look you. All of you. We danced. And Tituba conjured Ruth Putnams dead sisters. And that is all. And mark this. Let either of you breathe a word, or edge of a word, about the other things and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you. When Reverend John Hale arrives, he becomes suspicious of Bettys behaviour and asks Abigail if she or Betty had drank any of the Soup in the kettle which they were brewing while they danced in the woods. Abigail is quick to say no to this accusation but rather blames it on Tituba. She had blamed Tituba for calling the devil I never called him! Tituba, Tituba.. and she says that a frog had jumped in to the soup and that Did Tituba ask you to drink it? She tried but I refused. But when Hale asked her this question Have you sold yourself to Lucifer? she realises that this could easily turn on her that she will be accused of practicing witchcraft. When Tituba comes in Abigail is quick to accuse her so that the suspicions are turned. She made me do it! She made Betty do it! She makes me drink blood! When Tituba tries to explain You beg me to conjure! She beg me make charm-Abigail swiftly cuts her off Dont lie! She comes to me while I sleep; shes always making me dream corruptions! This shows how scared Abigail was of being found out, as she surely knew that she would hang for her doings. To save herself, she blames Tituba and when Tituba is questioned she is forced to name people who are working for the devil. She names two people from the village and then Abigail comes in with more names pretending that she had been afflicted too and then Betty starts accusing people of witch too. It was confirmed that the devil had attacked Salem and that anyone could be a witch. As we can see all this started due to Abigails actions and manipulations and that it were no more than Abigails games to protect herself. Abigails input into the witch trials which started after this confirmation is tremendous she was there in the court with her friends and companions who accused anyone they wished due to their personal vendettas. One of the accusations that Abigail Williams made was of Good Elizabeth Proctor being a witch. She gives a great performance and takes full advantage of certain actions and facts.

The United States and Its Policy of Promoting Democracy

The United States and Its Policy of Promoting Democracy Promoting democracy abroad has been one of the main elements of US foreign policy for decades. Some critics argue that it is harmful to promote democracy in countries without liberal values because it creates illiberal democracies, which pose grave threats to freedom. Others argue that the foreign policy of promoting democracy abroad fosters economic development in those places, reduces threats to the United Staes at home and creates partners for better economic trade and development.  There are  varying  degrees of democracies ranging from full to limited and even flawed. Democracies can also be authoritarian, meaning that people can vote but have little or no choice in what or whom they vote for. A Foreign Policy 101 Story When rebellion brought down the presidency of Mohammed Morsi in Egypt on July 3, 2013, the United States called for a quick return to order and democracy. Look at these statements from White House Press Secretary Jay Carney on July 8, 2013. During this transitional period, Egypts stability and democratic political order are at stake, and Egypt will not be able to emerge from this crisis unless its people come together to find a nonviolent and inclusive path forward. We remain actively engaged with all sides, and we are committed to supporting the Egyptian people as they seek to salvage their nations democracy. [W]e will work with the transitional Egyptian government to promote a quick and responsible return to a sustainable, democratically elected civilian government. We also call on all political parties and movements to remain engaged in dialogue, and to commit to participating in a political process to hasten the return of full authority to a democratically elected government. Democracy in US Foreign Policy Theres no mistaking that promotion of democracy is one of the cornerstones of American foreign policy. It hasnt always been that way. A democracy, of course, is a government which invests power in its citizens through the franchise, or the right to vote. Democracy comes from Ancient Greece and filtered to the West and the United States through such Enlightenment thinkers as Jean-Jaques Rousseau and John Locke. The United States is a democracy and a republic, meaning that the people speak through elected representatives. At its start, American democracy was not universal: Only white, adult (over 21), property-holding males could vote. The 14th, 15th, 19th  and 26th Amendmentsplus a variety of civil rights actsfinally made voting universal in the 20th century. For its first 150 years, the United States was concerned with its own domestic problemsconstitutional interpretation, states rights, slavery, expansionmore than it was with world affairs. Then the United States focused on pushing its way onto the world stage in an era of imperialism. But with World War I, the United States began moving in a different direction. Much of President Woodrow Wilsons proposal for a post-war Europethe Fourteen Pointsdealt with national self-determination. That meant imperial powers like France, Germany and Great Britain should divest themselves of their empires, and former colonies should form their own governments. Wilson intended for the United States to lead those newly independent nations into democracies, but Americans were of a different mind. After the carnage of the war, the public wanted only to retreat into isolationism and let Europe work out its own problems. After World War II, however, the United States could no longer retreat into isolationism. It actively promoted democracy, but that was often a hollow phrase that allowed the United States to counter Communism with compliant governments around the globe. Democracy promotion continued after the Cold War. President George W. Bush linked it to the post-9/11 invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. How Is Democracy Promoted? Of course, there are ways of promoting democracy other than warfare. The State Departments website says that it supports and promotes democracy in a variety of areas: Strengthening democratic institutionsSupporting civil societyEnhancing the rule of law and judicial independencePromoting political pluralism and free, fair electoral processesProtecting independent mediaPromoting Internet freedomPromoting human rights for all, including women The programs above are funded and administered through the State Department and USAID. Pros and Cons of Democracy Promotion Proponents of democracy promotion say that it creates stable environments, which in turn fosters strong economies. In theory, the stronger a nations economy and the more educated and empowered its citizenry, the less it needs foreign aid. So, democracy promotion and US foreign aid are creating strong nations around the globe. Opponents say that democracy promotion is just American imperialism by another name. It binds regional allies to the United States with foreign aid incentives, which the United States will withdraw if the country does not progress toward democracy. Those same opponents charge that you cannot force-feed democracy on the people of any nation. If the pursuit of democracy is not homegrown, then is it really democracy?

Marketing - Saturn Corporation in 1998 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing - Saturn Corporation in 1998 - Essay Example When Saturn looks for parts suppliers for future vehicles, the Marketing and Product Planning team looks for companies that have not only the technology for today, but also have the depth in resources that will enable them to grow in technology and support. Saturn needs these suppliers to be a contributing part of the project development team. To help ensure effective involvement, Saturn enters into long-term, sometimes even lifetime contracts with selected suppliers. (Lenz, 1999, p. 53) The Saturn Corporation had to be in complete contact with the GM, since the GM planned to launch the big cars and decided to have a shift from small to mid size cars, Saturn Corporation should have planned the similar and should have quit the idea of manufacturing the same old small cars. The reason that the strategy was not hard to implement is that the Saturn Corporation had previously been spotted number one in manufacturing small cars and because of that it had made some reputation and capital to cope well with the GM and this is exactly what GM had thought about the company. But it was not the part of the company’s mission statement and therefore the immediate job of the Saturn Corporation was to convince the GM that further launching of any such cars can make the market more competitive and already there are big leaders like Toyota and Honda performing well in the market, the scheme can be a flop. Whereas if the GM keeps on manufacturing such small sized cars which are having lesser costs and are already competing Toyota and Honda, the GM and Saturn could both be in greater profitability. Further, the Saturn Corporation could have stated to GM that the target audience should be the younger generation who is not capable of buying expensive cars and therefore would buy smaller cars already being manufactured, further more the traffic is increasing day by day and therefore the demand of small cars would be even higher in the future and thus the company should keep

The future of unions in the United States Research Paper

The future of unions in the United States - Research Paper Example The Future of Labor Unions in United States Labor unions are legal and recognized representatives of the workers in different industries. Throughout the history of United States, there are different labor unions formed for the workers of different industries and sectors however, the labor unions found among the public sector employees like the police and the teachers are most prominent among all the labor unions.Historically the labor unions have played important role for the protection of the employee rights and right from the beginning people used to favor as well as oppose the labor unions in the companies. However, recently they have been experiencing major decline in their membership due to which there is high level of uncertainty in the country regarding the future of the labor unions in United States. The labor Unions in America have seen many difficulties in terms of the membership however despite all difficulties the labor union never faced such a fall in the membership afte r the year 1932 that these are facing in the recent years especially in the private service sector. According to the estimates the membership of the US labor Unions in the private sector has dropped almost 9 percent in the recent years that shows that the workers are now less interested in joining the labor unions or taking any active part in the strike activities organized by the labor unions. Currently only 11.9% of the wages and salary workers are member of the labor union that shows massive decline in the membership of these unions. ... Hence, the actual people for whom the organizations are meant for are not interested in the labor unions that how the existence of these organizations could be justified. The twenty first century has brought new challenges for the people and organizations all over the world and just like all other sectors, the corporate sector is also in the phase of restructuring. There are some inevitable changes that must be adopted by the people associated with the corporate sector. The advancement in the technology paves many new ways for the companies. In order to conduct their operation the business owners now have many more options ad compared with the past. In the emerging situation the companies are able to perform a variety of their business activities with the help of the technological devices and as a result they don’t need that much human work force as they required in past. The introduction of advanced machinery and other advanced tool not only saves them time but also cost of p roduction. In this context, the work force availability has become easy for the employers because more people look for jobs and the employers can pick from the interested candidates on their own terms and conditions (Goldfield, 92). The advancement in the technology has significantly contributed towards the diversion of the attention of the employees towards the other issues. At present, the employees of USA are more concerned towards getting high education and technology based knowledge and skills. The workers focus on these things so that they can keep them update with the advancements occurring around them and can acquire better working conditions through their performance and skills. This thought reflect

Novel Approaches to DoS Impact Measurement

Novel Approaches to DoS Impact Measurement J.Anto Sylverster Jeyaraj, C.Suriya, R.Sudha Abstract Over the past few years Denial of service (DoS) Attacks have emerged as serious vulnerability for almost every internet Services. Existing approach to DoS impact measurement in Deter Testbeds equate service denial with slow communication low throughput, high resource utilization, and high loss rate. These approaches are not versatile, not quantitative, not accurate because they fail to specify exact ranges of parameter values that correspond to good or poor service quality and they were not proven to correspond to human perception service denial. We propose Novel approaches to DoS impact that measure the quality of service experienced by users during an attack. Our novel approaches are quantitative, Versatile, accurate because they map QoS requirements for several applications into measurable traffic parameters with acceptable, scientifically determined thresholds, they apply to a wide range of attack scenarios, which we demonstrate via Deter testbed experiments Keywords Communication/network, Measurement techniques, performance of system, Network security 1. INTRODUCTION Denial of service (DoS) is a major threat. DoS severely disrupts legitimate communication by exhausting some critical limited resource via packet floods or by sending malformed packets that cause network elements to crash. The large number of devices, applications, and resources involved in communication offers a wide variety of mechanisms to deny service. Effects of DoS attacks are experienced by users as a server slowdown, service quality degradation, service degradation. DoS attacks have been studied through testbed experiments. Accurately measuring the impairment of service quality perceived by human clients during an attack is essential for evaluation and comparison of potential DoS defenses, and for study of novel attacks. Researchers and developers need accurate, quantitative, and versatile. Accurate metrics produce measures of service denial that closely agree with a human’s perception of service impairment in a similar scenario. Quantitative metrics define ranges of parameter values that signify service denial, using scientific guidelines. Versatile metrics apply to many DoS scenarios regardless of the underlying mechanism for service denial, attack dynamics, legitimate traffic mix, or network topology. Existing approaches to DoS impact measurement fall short of these goals. They collect one or several traffic measurements and compare their first-order statistics (e.g., mean, standard deviation, minimum, or maximum) or their distributions in the baseline and the attack case. Frequently used traffic measurements include the legitimate traffic’s request/response delay, legitimate transactions durations, legitimate traffic’s goodput, throughput, or loss, and division of a critical resource between the legitimate and the attack traffic. If a defense is being evaluated, these metrics are also used for its collateral damage. Lack of consensus on which measurements best reflect the DoS impact cause researchers to choose ones they feel are the most relevant. Such metrics are not versatile, since each independent traffic measurement captures only one aspect of service denial. For example, a prolonged request/response time will properly signal DoS for two-way applications such a s Web, FTP, and DNS, but not for media traffic that is sensitive to one-way delay, packet loss, and jitter. The lack of common DoS impact metrics prevents comparison among published work. We further argue that the current measurement approaches are neither quantitative nor accurate. Adhoc comparisons of measurement statistics or distributions only show how network traffic behaves differently under attack, but do not quantify which services have been denied and how severely. To our knowledge, no studies show that existing metrics agree with human perception of service denial. We survey existing DoS impact metrics in Section 2. We propose a novel approach to DoS impact measurement. Our key insight is that DoS always causes degradation of service quality, and a metric that holistically captures a human user’s QoS perception will be applicable to all test scenarios. For each popular application, we specify its QoS requirements, consisting of relevant traffic measurements and corresponding thresholds that define good service ranges. We observe traffic as a collection of high-level tasks called â€Å"transactions† (defined in Section3).Each legitimate transaction is evaluated against its application’s QoS requirements; transactions that do not meet all the requirements are considered â€Å"failed.† We aggregate information about transaction failure into several intuitive qualitative and quantitative composite metrics to expose the precise interaction of the DoS attack with the legitimate traffic. We describe our proposed approaches in Section 3. We demonstrate that our approaches mee t the goals of being accurate, quantitative, and versatile through testbed experiments with multiple DoS scenarios and legitimate traffic mixes. Conclude in Section 5. 2. EXISTING METRICS Prior DoS research has focused on measuring DoS through selected legitimate traffic parameters: Packet loss, Traffic throughput or goodput, Request/response delay, Transaction duration, and Allocation of resources. Researchers have used both simple metrics (single traffic parameter) and combinations of them to report the impact of an attack on the network. All existing metrics are not quantitative because they do not specify ranges of loss, throughput, delay, duration, or resource shares that correspond to service denial. Indeed, such values cannot be specified in general because they highly depend on the type of application whose traffic coexists with the attack: 10 percent loss of VoIP traffic is devastating while 10 percent loss of DNS traffic is merely a glitch. All existing metrics are not versatile and we point out below the cases where they fail to measure service denial. They are inaccurate since they have not been proven to correspond to a human user’s perception of service denial. 3. PROPOSED APPROACHES TO DOS IMPACT EASURMENT 3.3 DoS Metrics We aggregate the transaction success/failure measures into several intuitive composite metrics. Percentage of failed transactions (pft) per application type. This metric directly captures the impact of a DoS attack on network services by quantifying the QoS experienced by users. For each transaction that overlaps with the attack, we evaluate transaction success or failure applying Definition 3. A straightforward approach to the pft calculation is dividing the number of failed transactions by the number of all transactions during the attack. This produces biased results for clients that generate transactions serially. If a client does not generate each request in a dedicated thread, timing of subsequent requests depends on the completion of previous requests. In this case, transaction density during an attack will be lower than without an attack, since transactions overlapping the attack will last longer. This skews the pft calculation because each success or failure has a higher influence on the pft value during an attack than in its absence. In our experiments, IRC and telnet clients suffered from this deficiency. To remedy this problem, we calculate the pft value as the difference between 1 (100 percent) and the ratio of the number of successful transactions divided by the number of all transactions that would have been initiated by a given application during the same time if the attack were not present. The DoS-hist metric shows the histogram of pft measures across applications, and is helpful to understand each application’s resilience to the attack. The DoS-level metric is the weighted average of pft measures for all applications of interest: DoS-level =, where k spans all application categories, and wk is a weight associated with a category k. We introduced this metric because in some experiments it may be useful to produce a single number that describes the DoS impact. But we caution that DoS-level is highly dependent on the chosen application weights and thus can be biased. QoS-ratio is the ratio of the difference between a transaction’s traffic measurement and its corresponding threshold, divided by this threshold. The QoS metric for each successful transaction shows the user-perceived service quality, in the range (0, 1], where higher numbers indicate better quality. It is useful to evaluate service quality degradation during attacks. We compute it by averaging QoS-ratios for all traffic measurements of a given transaction that have defined thresholds. For failed transactions, we compute the related QoS-degrade metric, to quantify severity of service denial. QoS-degrade is the absolute value of QoS-ratio of that transaction’s measurement that exceeded its QoS threshold by the largest margin. This metric is in the range (0,1] .Intuitively, a value N of QoS-degrade means that the service of failed transactions was N times worse than a user could tolerate. While arguably any denial is significant and there is no need to quantify its severity, perception of DoS is highly subjective. Low values of QoS-degrade (e.g., The failure ratio shows the percentage of live transactions in the current (1-second) interval that will fail in the future. The failure ratio is useful for evaluation of DoS defenses, to capture the speed of a defense’s response, and for time-varying attacks . Transactions that are born during the attack are considered live until they complete successfully or fail. Transactions that are born before the attack are considered live after the attack starts. A failed transaction contributes to the failed transaction count in all intervals where it was live. 4. EVALUATION IN TESTBED EXPERIMENTS We first evaluate our metrics in experiments on the DETER testbed [15]. It allows security researchers to evaluate attacks and defences in a controlled environment. Fig. 2 shows our experimental topology. Four legitimate networks and two attack networks are connected via four core routers. Each legitimate network has four server nodes and two client nodes, and is connected to the core via an access router. Links between the access router and the core have 100-Mbps bandwidth and 10-40-ms delay, while other links have 1-Gbps bandwidth and no added delay. The location of bottlenecks is chosen to mimic high-bandwidth local networks that connect over a limited access link to an over provisioned core. Attack networks host two attackers each, and connect directly to core routers Fig.2. Experimental topology. 4.1 Background Traffic Each client generates a mixture of Web, DNS, FTP, IRC, VoIP, ping, and telnet traffic. We used open-source servers and clients when possible to generate realistic traffic at the application, transport, and network level. For example, we used an Apache server and wget client for Web traffic, bind server and dig client for DNS traffic, etc. Telnet, IRC, and VoIP clients and the VoIP server were custom-built in Perl. Clients talk with servers in their own and adjacent networks. Fig. 2 shows the traffic patterns. Traffic patterns for IRC and VoIP differ because those application clients could not support multiple simultaneous connections. All attacks target the Web server in network 4 and cross its bottleneck link, so only this network’s traffic should be impacted by the attacks. Illustrate our metrics in realistic traffic scenarios for various attacks. We modified the topology from [8] to ensure that bottlenecks occur only before the attack target, to create more realistic attack conditions. We used a more artificial traffic mix , with regular service request arrivals and identical file sizes for each application, to clearly isolate and illustrate features of our metrics. Traffic parameters are chosen to produce the same transaction density in each application category (Table 3): roughly 100 transactions for each application during 1,300 seconds, which is the attack duration. All transactions succeed in the absence of the attack. bottleneck links (more frequent variant) and 2) by generating a high packet rate that exhausts the CPU at a router leading to the target. We generate the first attack type: a UDP bandwidth flood. Packet sizes had range [750 bytes,1.25 Kbytes] and total packet rate was 200 Kpps. This generates a volume that is roughly 16 times the bottleneck bandwidth. The expected effect is that access link of network 4 will become congested and traffic between networks 1 and 4, and networks 3 and 4 will be denied service. 5. CONCLUSIONS One cannot understand a complex phenomenon like DoS without being able to measure it in an objective, accurate way. The work described here defines accurate, quantitative, and versatile metrics for measuring effectiveness of DoS attacks and defenses. Our approach is objective, reproducible, and applicable to a wide variety of attack and defense methodologies. Its value has been demonstrated in testbeds environments. Our approaches are usable by other researchers in their own work. They offer the first real opportunity to compare and contrast different DoS attacks and defenses on an objective head-to-head basis. We expect that this work will advance DoS research by providing a clear measure of success for any proposed defense, and helping researchers gain insight into strengths and weaknesses of their solutions. REFERENCES [1] A. Yaar, A. Perrig, and D. Song, â€Å"SIFF: A Stateless Internet Flow Filter to Mitigate DDoS Flooding Attacks,† Proc. IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy (SP), 2004. [2] A. Kuzmanovic and E.W. Knightly, â€Å"Low-Rate TCP-Targeted Denial of Service Attacks (The Shrew versus the Mice and Elephants),† Proc. ACM SIGCOMM ’03, Aug. 2003. [3] CERT Advisory CA-1996-21 TCP SYN Flooding and IP Spoofing Attacks, CERT CC, http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1996-21.html, 1996. [4] R. Mahajan, S.M. Bellovin, S. Floyd, J. Ioannidis, V. Paxson, and S. Shenker, â€Å"Controlling High Bandwidth Aggregates in the Network,† ACM Computer Comm. Rev., July 2001. [5] G. Oikonomou, J. Mirkovic, P. Reiher, and M. Robinson, â€Å"A Framework for Collaborative DDoS Defense,† Proc. 11th Asia-Pacific Computer Systems Architecture Conf. (ACSAC ’06), Dec. 2006. [6] Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis, CAIDA Web page,http://www.caida.org, 2008. [7] MAWI Working Group Traffic Archive, WIDE Project, http://tracer.csl.sony.co.jp/mawi/, 2008 [8] â€Å"QoS Performance requirements for UMTS,† The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Nortel Networks, http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/WG1_Serv/TSGS1_03-HCourt/Docs/Docs/s1-99362.pdf, 2008. [9] N. Bhatti, A. Bouch, and A. Kuchinsky, â€Å"Quality is in the Eye of the Beholder: Meeting Users’ Requirements for Internet Quality of Service,† Technical Report HPL-2000-4, Hewlett Packard, 2000. [10] L. Yamamoto and J.G. Beerends, â€Å"Impact of Network Performance Parameters on the End-to-End Perceived Speech Quality,† Proc.EXPERT ATM Traffic Symp., Sept. 1997. [11] T. Beigbeder, R. Coughlan, C. Lusher, J. Plunkett, E. Agu, and M. Claypool, â€Å"The Effects of Loss and Latency on User Performance in Unreal Tournament 2003,† Proc. ACM Network and System Support for Games Workshop (NetGames), 2004. [12] N. Sheldon, E. Girard, S. Borg, M. Claypool, and E. Agu, â€Å"The Effect of Latency on User Performance in Warcraft III,† Proc. ACM Network and System Support for Games Workshop (NetGames), 2003. [13] B.N. Chun and D.E. Culler, â€Å"User-Centric Performance Analysis of Market-Based Cluster Batch Schedulers,† Proc. Second IEEE Int’l Symp. Cluster Computing and the GridProc. Second IEEE/ACM Int’l Conf. Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGRID ’02), May 2002. [14] J. Ash, M. Dolly, C. Dvorak, A. Morton, P. Taraporte, and Y.E. Mghazli, Y.1541-QOSM—Y.1541 QoS Model for Networks Using Y.1541 QoS Classes, NSIS Working Group, Internet Draft,work in progress, May 2006. [15] T. Benzel, R. Braden, D. Kim, C. Neuman, A. Joseph, K. Sklower,R. Ostrenga, and S. Schwab, â€Å"Experiences with DETER: A Testbed for Security Research,† Proc. Second Int’l IEEE/Create-Net Conf.Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities (TridentCOM ’06), Mar. 2006. [16] D.J. Bernstein, TCP 22 Syncookies, http://cr.yp.to/syncookies.html, 2008.